ENGINEERING

MECHANICS II
(DYNAMICS)
 Chapter One
Introduction to Dynamics
Introduction
• Engineering Mechanics is the study of the interaction between
forces and the state of motion of bodies upon which the forces act.
• Classes of Mechanics

1. Statics - Studies objects which are at rest or move in constant

velocity

2. Dynamics - is a branch of mechanics which deals with the motion

of bodies under the action of forces.
• Dynamics has two distinct parts:

i. Kinematics

ii. Kinetics

i. Kinematics- which is the study of motion without

reference to the forces which cause motion.

ii. Kinetics- which relates the action of forces on

bodies to their resulting motion.
• Bodies in Dynamics
1. Particle: A body of negligible dimension. when the dimension
of a body are irrelevant to the description of its motion or
the action of force on it, the body may be treated as a
particle.

2. Rigid Body: is a body whose changes in shape are negligible

compared with the over all dimensions of the body. The
dimension is relevant for its motion or action of force on it.
• Quantities in Dynamics
1. Scalar: Are quantities with out direction. Printed
in italic type (e.g. V-speed)

2. Vector: Are quantities with direction. Printed in

bold face type (e.g. V-velocity)
Basic concepts and terms
Space – the geometric region occupied by bodies.

Time – is a measure of the succession of events and is considered an absolute quantity in

Newtonian mechanics.

Mass – is the quantitative measure of inertia or resistance to change in motion of a body. Mass
can also be defined as the quantity of matter in a body or a property that gives rise to
gravitational attraction.

Force – vector action of one body on another.

System of units

i. SI units

- Mass, time and length are taken as the basic units and the
units for force are derived from Newton’s 2nd law of motion.

ii. US customary units

- The unit for force, length and time are basic units and the
units for mass are derived from the second law.
• The four fundamental quantities of mechanics
Quantity SI – units US – units

Mass Kg slug

Time s sec

Length m ft

Force N lb
• The SI system is termed an absolute system since mass is taken

to be an absolute or base quantity.

• The US customary system is termed a gravitational system since

force (as measured from gravitational pull) is taken as a base

quantity.
Newton's Laws of Motion

Law I – A particle remains at rest or continuous to move in a straight line

with a constant velocity if there is no unbalanced force acting on it.

Law II –The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the resultant

force acting on it and is in the direction of this force.

F = ma……………………………………………………..……………………………..……1.1

Law III –The force of action and reaction between interacting bodies are
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and collinear.
Some Particular Forces
Normal Force

• force from the mattress

• is perpendicular to the surface

• equals but opposite to the weight of an object.

Tension force

• Force found in cord, rope by making it tout to move an object

• it is to the direction of the rope

• magnitude is usually found from the condition of equilibrium

Some Particular Forces
Spring Force

• Force that is found when the spring is in the relaxed or compressed state.

…………………………………………………………..………………1.2

Gravitational Force (Apparent Weight)

• The force exerted by the Earth on an object • approximately toward the

center of the Earth

• its magnitude varies with location.

……………………………………………………………………..1.3
Gravitation
• Newton states that two particles of masses m1 and m2 at a distance r from each other
attract each other with equal and opposite forces F and - F directed along the line joining
the particles is given by:
m1m2
F=G ....................................................................................1.4
r2
Where:

F= the mutual force of attraction between two particles.

G= Universal constant = 6.673x10-11 m3/kg-s2

m1,m2 = the masses of the two particles

r = the distance between the centers of the particles.

• Every object which falls in a vacuum at a given height near the surface

of the earth will have the same acceleration g, regardless of the mass.
The acceleration due to gravity is derived from combining equation 1.1
and 1.4 ;
Gme
g= …………………………………………………………………………………1.5
R2
Example 1: Determine the acceleration due to gravity at sea level(g) on a
particle m. Take: radius of earth, R=6,371km and mass of earth,

me = 5.976x10 24 Kg
Note: In almost all engineering problems where
measurements are made on the surface of the earth, the
effects of local vibration are neglected, and 9.81m/s2 in
SI unit is used for the sea level value of g.
• The variation of g with altitude is easily determined by the

gravitational law. If go represents the absolute acceleration due

to gravity at sea level, the absolute value at an altitude h is;

R2
g = g0
( R  h) 2
………………………………………………..1.4

R – radius of the earth

Effect of rotating earth
• The acceleration due to gravity as determined from the
gravitational law is the acceleration which would be measured from
a set of axes whose origin is at the center of the earth.

• With respect to this ‘fixed’ axes, this value may be termed the
absolute value of g.

• Because the earth rotates, the acceleration of a freely falling body

as measured from a position attached to the surface of the earth is
slightly less than the absolute value.
Standard value of g
• The standard value which has been adopted internationally for
the gravitational acceleration relative to the rotating earth at
2 2

s
sea level and at a latitude of 45 is 9.80665m/ or32.1740ft/ sec

• In almost all engineering applications near the surface of the

earth, we can neglect the difference between the absolute and
relative values of the gravitational acceleration, and the effect
of local variations.
Area of application of dynamics

 Analysis and design of moving

structures.

 Fixed structure subjected to

shock load.

 Robotic systems

 Automatic control system

Rockets

Missiles and spacecraft

Transportation vehicle

Machinery of all types, such as turbines, pumps, etc.

Problem Solving in Dynamics
1. Formulate the problem
• State the given data
• State the desired result
• State assumptions and approximations
2. Develop the solution
• Draw free body diagrams (sketches)
• State the governing principles to be applied
• Make your calculations
• Be sure to use consistent units
• Ensure that your results are reasonable
• Draw conclusions
Example #2
(b)
(c)

(a)
0mi
2 0
h=
Cont…
A space-shuttle payload module weighs 100 lb when resting on the

surface of the earth at a latitude of 45 north.
a. Determine the mass of the module in both slugs and kilograms, and
its surface-level weight in Newton.
b. Now suppose the module is taken to an altitude of 200 miles above
the surface of the earth and released there with no velocity
relative to the center of the earth. Determine its weight under
these conditions in both pounds and newtons.
c. Finally, suppose the module is fixed inside the cargo bay of a space
shuttle. The shuttle is in a circular orbit at an altitude of 200
miles above the surface of the earth. Determine the weight of the
module in both pounds and newtons under these condition.
Cont…

• [For the surface-level value of the acceleration of gravity

2
relative to a rotating earth, use g=32.1740ft/ sec
2
(9.80665m/sec ) and,

• For the absolute value relative to a non-rotating earth, use

g= 32.234ft/ sec 2 (9.825m/ sec 2 )].
Ends
HERE!