ENGINEERING

MECHANICS II
(DYNAMICS)
 Introduction

• Dynamics is a branch of mechanics which deals with the

motion of bodies under the action of forces.
• The study of dynamics in engineering usually follows the
study of statics, which deals with the action of forces on
bodies at rest.
• Dynamics has two distinct parts:

i. Kinematics

ii. Kinetics

i. Kinematics- which is the study of motion without

reference to the forces which cause motion.

ii. Kinetics- which relates the action of forces on

bodies to their resulting motion.
Basic concepts and terms
Space – the geometric region occupied by bodies.

Time – is a measure of the succession of events and is considered an absolute quantity in

Newtonian mechanics.

Mass – is the quantitative measure of inertia or resistance to change in motion of a body. Mass
can also be defined as the quantity of matter in a body or a property that gives rise to
gravitational attraction.

Force – vector action of one body on another.

Particle – a body of negligible dimensions.

- when the dimension of a body are irrelevant to the

description of its motion or the action of force on it, the
body may be treated as a particle.

Rigid body – is a body whose changes in shape are negligible

compared with the over all dimensions of the body or
with the changes in position of the body as a whole.
System of units

i. SI units

- Mass, time and length are taken as the basic units and the
units for force are derived from Newton’s 2nd law of motion.

ii. US customary units

- The unit for force, time and length are base units and the
units for mass are derived from the second law.
• The four fundamental quantities of mechanics
Quantity SI – units US – units

Mass Kg slug

Time s sec

Length m ft

Force N lb
• The SI system is termed an absolute system since mass is taken

to be an absolute or base quantity.

• The US customary system is termed a gravitational system since

force (as measured from gravitational pull) is taken as a base

quantity.
Newton's Laws of Motion

Law I – A particle remains at rest or continuous to move in a straight line with a

constant velocity if there is no unbalanced force acting on it.

Law II –The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the resultant force acting

on it and is in the direction of this force.

F = ma……………………………………………………..……………………………..…….1.1

Law III –The force of action and reaction between interacting bodies are equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction and collinear.
Area of application of dynamics

 Analysis and design of moving

structures.

 Fixed structure subjected to

shock load.

 Robotic systems

 Automatic control system

Rockets

Missiles and spacecraft

Transportation vehicle

Machinery of all types, such as turbines, pumps, etc.

Gravitation
• Newton states that two particles of masses m1 and m2 at a distance r from each other
attract each other with equal and opposite forces F and - F directed along the line joining
the particles is given by:

………………………………………..…………………………………………………..1.2

Where:

F= the mutual force of attraction between two particles.

G= Universal constant = 6.673x10-11 m2/kg-s2

m1,m2 = the masses of the two particles

r = the distance between the centers of the particles.

• The acceleration due to gravity is derived from combining equation 1.1

and 1.2 ;

……………………………………………………………………………………1.3

Example 1: Determine the acceleration due to gravity at sea level(g) on a

particle m.

Take: radius of earth, R=6,371km and mass of earth,

= 5.976x1024Kg
Note: In almost all engineering problems where
measurements are made on the surface of the earth, the
effects of local vibration are neglected, and 9.81m/s2 in
SI unit is used for the sea level value of g.
Ends
HERE!