영어를 사용한 구두발표

발표 내용

• 구두 발표 요령

• 구두 발표 ~ 첫인사부터 마무리까지
( 일주일만 하면 교수님만큼 한다 !!!)

• 질문과 대답
구두 발표 요령
- 효과적인 구두 발표 요령

(1) 논점은 3 개 이내로 한다 .

(2) 스크린을 최대한으로 이용한다 .

(3) 시작이 좋으면 모든 것이 좋다 .

(4) 슬라이드나 OHP 의 위 부분에는 큰 제목을 붙인다 .

구두 발표 요령
- 구두 발표시 주의할 점

1. You should adhere to the allocated time and plan your talk
accordingly by allowing approximately 100 words per minute, less 25
words for each slide.
발표 시간 내에 끝낼 수 있도록 이야기를 정리하고 , 1 분당 대략 100
단어의 빠르기로 말하며 , 슬라이드 당 25 단어 이상을 쓰지 않아야
한다 .

2. Rehearse your talk before a constructive critic. Plan to present it

from notes and not by reading a manuscript.
건설적인 비판을 해줄 수 있는 사람 앞에서 발표 연습을 한다 . 원고를
통째로 읽지 않고 요점만을 적은 노트를 보면서 발표하도록 계획을
세운다 .
구두 발표 요령
- 구두 발표시 주의할 점
3. Confine yourself to a few salient points of the work, with a brief
introduction. Concentrate on the results and your interpretation.
Omit details of apparatus and technique unless this is the subject of
the paper.
발표하는 연구내용 중 두드러진 요점 몇 가지만을 다루며 , 처음에
간단한 서론을 붙인다 . 연구 결과와 이에 대한 해석에만 전념한다 .
장치나 기법의 자세한 사항은 그 자체가 발표의 주제가 아닌 한
생략한다 .
4. Present only key mathematical formulae, defining orally the
symbols. Do not include too much data on the slide. You should be
able to read all the data with the slide at arm's length.
수식은 중요한 것만을 보여주고 , 기호는 구두로 정의한다 .
슬라이드에는 데이터를 너무 많이 넣지 않는다 . 팔을 뻗쳐
슬라이드를 들었을 때 모든 데이터를 읽을 수 있도록 문자의 크기를
조정한다 .
목차
- 구두 발표 ~ 첫인사부터 마무리까지

1. 첫인사법 10. 목적의 표현

2. 발표할 내용의 개요 11. 비교의 표현
3. 본론으로 들어가기 12. 기능의 표현
4. 주장하는 점의 표현 13. 의견의 표현
5. 슬라이드와 OHP 의 14. 예시의 표현
사용 15. 제안의 표현
6. 데이터와 수식 읽기 16. 연결 문구
7. 그래프의 표현 17. 마무리하기
8. 원인 이유 결과의 표현
9. 구성의 표현
1. 첫인사법 3
[1] 첫인사하기

Thank you.

Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Thank you very much, Professor Smith.
Thank you very much indeed, Dr. Smith.
Thank you for introducing me, John.
I'd like to say thank you for your generous introduction, Dr. Smith.
1. 첫인사법 3
[2] 초대강연의 인사 1

I am glad to ~
I am happy to ~
I am pleased to ~
I am delighted to ~
I am privileged to ~
I am very glad to be here.
I am happy to be here on this special occasion.
I am honored to be asked to give a talk to you.
I am privileged to be allowed to speak about my present research.
I am delighted to be invited.
I am very pleased to be present at this pleasant meeting.
1. 첫인사법 3
[3] 초대강연의 인사 2

It's an honor to ~
It's a pleasure to ~
It's a privilege to ~
It's my great privilege to be allowed to make a speech.
It's my great pleasure to give a talk to you.
It's a great honor to have the opportunity of giving a a lecture to you.
2. 발표할 내용의 개요를 말하기 3
[1] 논점 1

It's my purpose to ~
It's my intention to ~
It's my purpose to summarize the general problems of high-resolution
laser spectroscopic techniques.
It's my intention to describe some of the aspects of magnetic effects in
superconductivity.
2. 발표할 내용의 개요를 말하기 3
[2] 논점 2

~My point is to ~
My topic will deal with ~
My purpose is to ~
My discussion on ~ is to ~
My point is to make a comment on recent development of isotope
separations.
My topic will deal with new effects we have observed in quantum
physics.
My purpose is to present an overview of computer-aided-instruction
(CAI) in junior high schools.
My discussion on computer science is to try to illustrate a new
programming language.
2. 발표할 내용의 개요를 말하기 3
[3] 논점 3

I'll be speaking about ~ I'd like to talk to you about ~

I'm going to give a talk on ~ I'd like to present ~
I'd like to review ~
I'd like to cover ~
I'd like to focus on ~
I'll be speaking about the techniques of laser spectroscopy in which the
Doppler effect is eliminated.
I’m going to give a talk on several important mechanisms of white light
laser.
I'd like to talk to you about the application of excimer laser to medical
treatment.
I'd like to present recent development of atomic clocks and frequency
standards.
I'd like to review serious aspects of recent nuclear accidents.
3. 본론으로 들어가기 2
[1] 최초의 출발점

begin with ~
start with ~
begin by ~ing
start by ~ing
Well then, what is an elementary particle? Let's begin with that.
To begin with, I'd like to deliberate a problem of left-drive syndrome.
I'd like to start with a discussion of capital-intensity which the
Japanese chemical industry is increasing.
Let me begin by explaining what I meant by the BTRON project.
First of all, I think that it would be better to start out by making
several comments on the present business environment.
3. 본론으로 들어가기 2
[2] 기초 개념의 설명

Let me remind you about ~

I want to remind you about ~
I'd like to remind you about ~
Let me remind you about the techniques of non-linear spectroscopy.
I want to remind you how small an atom is.
I'd like to remind you about the phenomena of superconductivity.
4. 주장하는 점을 표현하기 3
[1] 주장점의 수

make some comments on ~

make two remarks about ~
make an observation on ~
make three points with respect to ~
I'd like to make some comments on the recent policy of tax reform.
Let me make two remarks about envrionmental preservation industry
which has been neglected recently.
I want to make three points with respect to low capital investment
caused by slow business.
4. 주장하는 점을 표현하기 3
[2] 최초의 주장점

First, The first remark is that ~

First of all, The first comment is related to ~
In the first place, The first point is connected with ~
The first remark is that it's possible to solve the problem by using a
heuristic search.
The first point I'd like make about information theory is that we
developed a new method of encryption.
The first point is concerned with the improvement of numerically
controlled machine tools.
The first comment is related to the recent achievement of machine
translation systems.
4. 주장하는 점을 표현하기 3
[3] 다음 주장점

turn to ~ shift to the topic of ~

move on to ~ switch to talking about ~
Let's turn to several problems of cognitive science.
To turn now to the next point, I'd like to discuss how the plasma
display works.
I'll then move on to why computer crimes have increased recently in
Japan.
I'd like to shift to the subject of the SIGMA project which is carried
out by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry.
I'll now switch to talking about the inverted Polish notation which has
not been so popular in Japan.
5. 슬라이드나 OHP 를 사용하는 상황 4
[1] 슬라이드를 올리거나 내리기

Slide, please.
Next, please.
May I have the first slide, please?
Let's look at the next slide.
Slide off, please.

First (Second, Next, Last) slide, please.

Let's look at the next slide, just to prove the algorithm.
Could you have the slide off, please?
Could you have the first slide, please?
I wonder if I could have the next slide.
5. 슬라이드나 OHP 를 사용하는 상황 4
[2] 슬라이드에 관한 상황 설정

Lights out, please.

Dim the lights, please.
Focus, please.
Adjust it, please.
Move the slide, please.
Go back, please.
Skip this slide, please.
No, leave the slide on, please.
Lights on, please.
5. 슬라이드나 OHP 를 사용하는 상황 4
[2] 슬라이드에 관한 상황 설정

Could I have the lights out, please?

Would you move the slide up to show you this figure more clearly?
Can I go back theree slides, please?
I’d like to skip this slide. Thank you.
No, could you leave this slide on, please?
Could you dim the lights just a little, please?
I wonder if you could focus that a little bit.
The slide is reversed. Would you mind adjusting it?
The slide is upside-down. Would you mind adjusting it?
Now we could have the lights on.
5. 슬라이드나 OHP 를 사용하는 상황 4
[3] 슬라이드에 대한 설명 1

shows ~
demonstrates~
illustrates ~
answers ~
classifies ~
This slide displays ~
indicates ~
points out ~
represents ~
sketches ~
summarizes ~
5. 슬라이드나 OHP 를 사용하는 상황 4
[3] 슬라이드에 대한 설명 1

This slide shows the third generation robot that has been developed by
using robot language.
This shows an example of swarm earthquakes.
This picture demonstrates the supernova that was discovered in Large
Magellanic Cloud two years ago.
Now, this slide illustrates a couple of points that we could not
neglect.
The transparency illustrates Cosmopia Concept that consists of four
systems such as satellite, space environment, space
transportation and space colony.
The next transparency will answer several problems in automation.
This slide sketches the difference between two wheel steering and
four wheel steering.
5. 슬라이드나 OHP 를 사용하는 상황 4
[4] 슬라이드에 대한 설명 2

As you see, ~
You see that, ~
We have ~ here.
As demonstrated here, ~
I'd like to show you, ~
5. 슬라이드나 OHP 를 사용하는 상황 4
[4] 슬라이드에 대한 설명 2

As you can see from this picture, Integrated Circuits are divided into
bipolar IC and unipolar IC.
You see it very complicated.
You see here how long-range forecast comes out.
Then you can see that we have a curve that shows the enormous
growth of world population.
Here we have a picture of the laser fusion reactor that has been
developed recently.
I'd like to show you again the transparency illustrating the
superconducting electromagnetic thrust system of linear motor
car.
6. 데이터와 수식을 읽는 방법 7
[1] 수치의 표현

340 three hundred (and) forty

2,420 two thousand four hundred (and) twenty
42.01 forty-two point oh one
0.21 oh point two one
1/2 a half
1/3 a third
2 2/7 two and two sevenths
3/4 three quarters
3:4:5 three to four to five
53 % fifty-three percent
4:6 four to six
0.3333… nought point three recurring
6. 데이터와 수식을 읽는 방법 7
[2] 연산식의 표현

5+6 five plus six

12 - 4 twelve minus four
34 three times four
three multiplied by four
three fours
53 five divided by three
32 three squared
33 three cubed
34 three to the power four
three to the fourth power
three to the fourth
three to the four
6. 데이터와 수식을 읽는 방법 7
[2] 연산식의 표현

√3 the square root of three

square root three, root three
3
√x6 the cube root of x to the power of six
n
√xm the n-th root of x to the power of m
sin x sine x
cos x cosine x
tan x tangent x
log102 log to the base ten of two, or log two to the
base ten
log e3 log to the base e of three, or log three the the
base e, natural log (of) three
6. 데이터와 수식을 읽는 방법 7
[3] 수식의 대소 표현

2+3=5 Two plus three equals five.

Two plus three is equal to five.
3x - 2y = 8 Three x minus two y equals eight.
x(x - 2) x, x minus two
x2 + x -1 = 0 x squared plus x minus one equals oh.
ax2 + bx + c = 0 a x squared plus b x plus c equals zero.
√x3 = x 3/2 The square root of x cubed equals x to
the power of three halves.
6. 데이터와 수식을 읽는 방법 7
[3] 수식의 대소 표현

x>y x is greater than y.

x is more than y.
xy x is greater than y or equal to y.
x+2>0 x plus two is greater than zero.
x plus two is more than zero.
y< z y is less than z.
y is smaller than z.
x y x is less than y or equal to y.
x-2<4 x minus two is less than four.
x minus two is smaller than four.
0<x<2 Zero is less than x which is less than two.
0x2 Zero is less than or equal to x which is less
than or equal to two.
6. 데이터와 수식을 읽는 방법 7
[4] 수식의 변형이나 유도

If ~ then ~ .
~ ing ~ we have (obtain) ~ .
~ ing ~ gives ~ .

If f(a) = 0, then (x - a) is a factor of f(x).

Integrating with respect to x, we obtain x2/2 + c.
Rearranging equation (1) gives x2 + 1 = 2ax.
6. 데이터와 수식을 읽는 방법 7
[5] 데이터 값의 여러 표현

stand at exactly
stay at approximately
total nearly
come (up) to roughly
get on for just under
just over
well over
more or less
6. 데이터와 수식을 읽는 방법 7
[5] 데이터 값의 여러 표현

The figure stood at ten million in 1988.

The figure was getting on for ten million in 1988.
The figure came to ten million in 1988.
The figure came to over ten million in 1988.
In 1988 the figure for oil production totalled ten million.
exactly
The figure was approximately ten million in 1988.
nearly
more or less
just over
The figure stood at just under ten million in 1988.
well over
6. 데이터와 수식을 읽는 방법 7
[6] 단위를 읽는 방법

3m three meters
10 cm ten centimeters
5 mm five millimeters
60 km sixty kilometers
4 μm four micrometers
3.3 m2 three point three square meters
three point three meters squared
10 m3 ten cubic meters
ten meters cubed
50 km/h fifty kilometers per hour
6. 데이터와 수식을 읽는 방법 7
[7] 크기의 표현

That box is 1 m high.

That box has a height of 1 m.
The height of that box is 1 m.
The piece is 12 cm long.
It has a length of 12 cm.
The length of the piece is 12 cm.
The circle has a radius of 2 cm.
It has a circumference of 4 cm.
It has an area of 4 cm2
The diameter of this circle is 4 cm.
7. 그래프의 표현법 6
[1] 증가 및 감소 1

증가하다 감소하다 변하다

rise fall vary slightly
increase decrease change steadily
ascend decend alter substantially
jump drop considerably
go up go down sharply
rapidly
decline
dramatically
fractionally
marginally
somewhat
7. 그래프의 표현법 6
[1] 증가 및 감소 1

The pressure rose dramatically during the experiment.

The volume of water decreases slightly when cooled.
The figure fell by ten percent.
The force acts on a body in the direction of increasing the distance.
Unlike conductors, the resistance of a semiconductor decreases with an
increase in temperature.
Catalysts alter the rate of a reaction without undergoing permanent
chemical change.
Although the positive charge of the nucleus rises, the outer electrons
become less strongly held due to the increased screening of the
nuclear charge by inner electron shells.
The bond strength increases with increasing number of electrons in van
der Waals forces.
The atomic radius increases down the group of the alkali earth atoms and
consequently the ionization energies decrease.
7. 그래프의 표현법 6
[2] 증가 및 감소 2

a rise slight
an increase steady
a jump gradual
a decline substantial
There is a drop in / to / of ~ . considerable
a decrease dramatic
a growth sudden
a performance stable
fluctuating
a situation
7. 그래프의 표현법 6
[2] 증가 및 감소 2

There was a slight increase in pressure.

There was a considerable decrease to 80 V in voltage.
There was a fluctuating performance in resistance.
There was a steady fall of 10 。 C in temperature.
There will be a dramatic rise in the world population.
7. 그래프의 표현법 6
[3] 그래프의 변화

remain stable after that

level out (or off) afterwards
fluctuate subsequently
reach a peak

The speed remained stable at 60 km/h.

The speed leveled off in twenty minutes.
The speed fluctuated in one hour.
The speed reached a peak of 300 km/h in two hours.
The world electricity production leveled off in 1970
but reached a peak of 100 TWh in 1980.
7. 그래프의 표현법 6
[4] 변화의 범위

rise from ~ to ~
fall from ~ to ~
vary from ~ to ~
range from ~ to ~
change from ~ to ~
The resistance rose from 10 kΩ to 12 kΩ.
The capacitance fell from 12 μF to 10 μF.
The diameter of atoms varies from 1×10-10 to 5×10-10 m.
Wavelengths of visible spectrum range from 700 nanometers at the red
end to 400 nanometers at the violet end.
In changing from one musical note to another an octave above, the
frequency is doubled.
7. 그래프의 표현법 6
[5] 변화의 요인

vary with ~
increase with ~
decrease with ~
7. 그래프의 표현법 6
[5] 변화의 요인

The force of ionic bonds varies as 1/x2

The solubility product is the ionic product of the dissolved ions and
will vary with temperature.
Molar conductivity increases with increasing dilution.
A=BC/D A varies directly as B.
A varies inversely as D.
A varies jointly as B and C.
The magnetic axis is slowly rotating about the geomagnetic axis once
every 1000 years, and thus both the angles of declination and
dip vary with time.
Electron shell is capable of containing a definite number of electrons,
the number increasing as the distance from nucleus increases.
7. 그래프의 표현법 6
[6] 경향

tend to ~
be inclined to ~
be disposed to ~
be the tendency of ~
show the tendency of ~
There is a tendency for ~ to ~
The tendency of ~ is to ~
7. 그래프의 표현법 6
[6] 경향

Orogenic movements tend to be more intensive than epeirogenic

movements.
Resistance is the tendency of a material to resist the passage of an
electric circuit.
The inert (noble) gases show very little tendency to react in any way.
Force causes or tends to cause acceleration and it can be calculated
from Newton's second law.
The nuclear charges tend to repel each other but an exact description
of the repulsive force is complex.
Metallic bonds occur because of the tendency for metals to lose their
loosely bound outer electrons to an electron gas within the
lattice.
8. 원인 이유 결과를 표현하는 방법 9
[1] 원인으로부터 결과 1

result in
lead to
bring about
원인 + give rise to 결과
cause
make
be the cause of
8. 원인 이유 결과를 표현하는 방법 9
[1] 원인으로부터 결과 1

Heat causes the metal to expand.

The presence of nickel brings about an increase in strennth.
The temperature of the plate decreases, thereby causing it to contract.
Heat made the metal melt.
Evaporation leads to a drop in temperature.
Robots will give rise to a lot of unemployment.
8. 원인 이유 결과를 표현하는 방법 9
[2] 결과로부터 원인

result from
arise from
stem from
be brought about by
결과 + be produce by + 원인
be caused by
be due to
be the result of
be the effect of
8. 원인 이유 결과를 표현하는 방법 9
[2] 결과로부터 원인

The gravitational force results from the mutual attraction between the
body's mass and the mass of the earth.
Infrared radiation is produced by hot bodies.
Young's fringes are due to interference between two rays.
The accident was the result of his carelessness.
Sound is the effect of the vibration of bodies.
Ionic bonds arise from the spontaneous formation of ions.
Van der Waals bonds stem from momentary asymmetrical
distributions of electrons around a nucleus.
Brownian motion is brought about by bombardment of the molecules.
The heat is caused by friction in moving parts.
8. 원인 이유 결과를 표현하는 방법 9
[3] 원인으로부터 결과 2

As a result of
In consequence of + 원인 , 결과
Consequent upon
As a result of increased pressure , the refrigerant condenses.
Consequent upon the defeat of the government, there will be a
general election.
As a result of cold weather, the metal contracts.
In consequence of hot temperature, the vapor expanded.
8. 원인 이유 결과를 표현하는 방법 9
[4] 원인으로부터 결과 3

with the result that

원인 + and as a result 결과
so that
The spring expands with the result that the valve is opened.
The heater is turned off and as a result the temperature will decrease.
In a bimetal strip, the intermediate plate contracts with the result that
the invar strip is pulled inwards.
The burning match is strongly shaken and as a result the flame will be
extinguished.
8. 원인 이유 결과를 표현하는 방법 9
[5] 원인으로부터 결과 4

Therefore,
Consequently,
원인 . As a result, 결과 .
As a consequence,
Hence,
Thus,
8. 원인 이유 결과를 표현하는 방법 9
[5] 원인으로부터 결과 4

Water is heated to the boiling point. Therefore, it will change into

vapor.
She did not explain it clearly. Consequently, he could not understand.
α-particles contain two protons and two neutrons. As a result, they
have a double positive electron charge.
In a photoelectric experiment, the number of photons per second will
decrease as the intensity of the light decreases. Hence, the
current will be found to decrease.
The energy equivalent of an electron is 0.5 MeV. Thus, the increase in
mass is undetectable for energies on a macroscopic scale.
8. 원인 이유 결과를 표현하는 방법 9
[6] 결과로부터 이유

because of
결과 + on account of + 이유
owing to
due to
Metallic bonds occur because of the tendency for metals to lose their
loosely bound outer electrons to an electron gas within the
lattice.
In a photograph, an image is formed owing to all types of radiation.
The gas is ionized on account of the radiation.
Due to high temperature, the metal melted.
8. 원인 이유 결과를 표현하는 방법 9
[7] 이유로부터 결과 1

Because
Since + 이유 , 결과 .
As
Since plants contain chlorophyll, they look green.
The circuit is called a coupling circuit, because the output is a
faith copy of the input.
As air is denser than hydrogen, hydrogen balloons rise into air.
8. 원인 이유 결과를 표현하는 방법 9
[8] 이유로부터 결과 2

so
이유 , therefore 결과 .
hence
Copper conducts electricity well, hence it is used for electric wire.
Friction produces heat, so matches ignite when rubbed.
You can see through the glass, therefore it is used for windows.
8. 원인 이유 결과를 표현하는 방법 9
[9] 영향

effect
affect
influence
have an effect on ~
The effect of ~ is to ~ .
8. 원인 이유 결과를 표현하는 방법 9
[9] 영향

The pH of the solution effects the color of indicators.

Light greatly affects free radical reactions.
Ammeters should ideally not affect the current which they are testing.
If the rate of a chemical reaction is affected by light, it is called a
photosensitive reaction.
When a chemical reaction takes place, only the electrons are involved
and the nuclei of atoms are not influenced during the
formation of a compound.
Inert electrodes, e.g. platinum and carbon, have no effect on the choice
of ion for discharge.
The ingredients of vegetable have the opposite effect on the
chromosomes.
The effect of the crack is to concentrate stress at the tip of the crack.
9. 구성의 표현법 2
[1] 구성 1

consist of
be made up of
A be composed of X and Y.
be constituted by
comprise
9. 구성의 표현법 2
[1] 구성 1

Metallic materials consist of ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals.

A metal consists of an array of positive ions permeated by an
atmosphere of free electrons.
All matter is made up of atoms.
Rubber is composed of very long chain molecules.
The radiation is constituted by a wide range of wavelengths.
A calorimeter comprises a tube containing a heater and surrounded by
a vacuum jacket with thermometers at the input and output.
9. 구성의 표현법 2
[2] 구성 2

constitute
X and Y make up A.
form
Seven days constitute a week.
Parents and children form a family.
Atoms form themselves into rigid solids by interatomic bonding.
10. 목적의 표현법 4
[1] 목적

The aim of
The goal of
The object of X is to Y.
The objective of
The purpose of
10. 목적의 표현법 4
[1] 목적

The aim of this work is to develop a method for simultaneous

measurements of the paper and water weights by using a
microwave resonator.
The goal of the present investigation is to show how the
superconductive materials operating at room temperature can
be made.
The object of this research is to research the technical development of
diode lasers.
The final goal is to develop a high-sensitive microwave sensor.
10. 목적의 표현법 4
[2] 목적구

To ~
so as to ~
in order to ~
for ~
for the purpose of ~
with the object of ~
with the aim of ~
with a view to (or of) ~
10. 목적의 표현법 4
[2] 목적구

To make a body move in a circle we require a lateral force called the

centripetal force.
For a body to start moving it must first be pushed, so work is done.
The random motion has to be increased so as to raise the temperature
of a body.
The galvanometer is calibrated for the purpose of reading temperature
directly.
Two separate methods are needed with the aim of measuring thermal
conductivity.
10. 목적의 표현법 4
[3] 목적절

so that ~
in order that ~
Energy is required so that electrons can be removed from the gaseous
atom in the ionization process.
A carrier wave must be modulated so that a signal can be transmitted.
A centripetal force is necessary so that a body can move in a circle.
10. 목적의 표현법 4
[4] 목적의 달성

reach
effect
attain
achieve
accomplish
10. 목적의 표현법 4
[4] 목적의 달성

The apparatus is left to boil for a time to reach equilibrium.

Once the steady state in continuous calorimeters has been reached,
electrical power put in is equal to the heat per second carried
out by the fluid.
The experiment was given up without effecting the purpose of our
research project.
Ideal gas behavior can be achieved if the molecules are separated
sufficiently.
The scientist was doing the experiment in his laboratory day and night
to accomplish good research.
11. 비교의 표현법 7
[1] 동등

equal
be equal to
X be identical to Y
be equivalent to
be the same as
be related in the same way as
11. 비교의 표현법 7
[1] 동등

The process of heat conduction is mathematically identical to that of

electric conduction.
Torque and angular acceleration are related in the same way as force
and linear acceleration.
The impulse given by force  time is equal to the change in
momentum.
Saturated vapor pressure is equal to at least the external pressure.
11. 비교의 표현법 7
[2] 유사 1

be roughly the same as

X be similar to Y.
be like
This is roughly the same machine that I saw the other day.
What is the computer like?
The output current is similar to the input current.
The voltage across a conductor is roughly the same as the current
multiplied by its resistance.
11. 비교의 표현법 7
[3] 유사 2

be the same in
X and Y be identical in ~ .
be alike in
be similar in
CP/M and MS-DOS are alike in the capability of the operating
systems.
The pressure on both sides of a U-tube manometer is the same.
11. 비교의 표현법 7
[4] 상이

differ from
be different from
X be distinguished from Y.
contrast with
be in contrast to
Velocity has a slightly different meaning from speed in that velocity is
a speed in a definite direction.
An alternating current is in contrast to a direct current.
Gases differ from solids and liquids in that they are relatively
compressible.
11. 비교의 표현법 7
[5] 구별

differentiate between
distinguish between X and Y.
make a distinction between
It is necessary to distinguish between the energies of single bonds and
those of double and triple bonds.
What makes a distinction between the two cases?

unlike as against
X, as different from Y, ~ . X as compared with Y.
as opposed to as opposed to
in contrast to
11. 비교의 표현법 7
[6] 관련

be related to ~
be associated with ~
be concerned with ~
be regarded as ~
be connected with ~
correspond to ~
be represented as ~
be known as ~
11. 비교의 표현법 7
[6] 관련

The Young's modulus is related to atomic quantities.

Dynamics is associated with unbalanced forces and resultant
accelerations.
Atoms are regarded as spheres with a nucleus at the center.
This corresponds to the observed Hooke's law behavior.
Any electric source may conveniently be represented as a voltage
source in series with a resistance.
Since capacitance can oppose a changing voltage, this resistance to AC
is known as capacitive reactance.
x = a sec and y = b tan can be regarded as the parametric equations
of the hyperbola.
11. 비교의 표현법 7
[7] 의존

depend on (upon)
X be dependent on Y.
depending on
be independent of
Japan is dependent on her hydroelectric resources for electric power.
The steel will be mild or hard, depending on the proportion of carbon
which it contains.
Two effects were independent of each other.
The actual current flow will depend upon the total resistance of the
current.
12. 기능의 표현법 6
[1] 기능 1

The function of X is to Y.
The principle of X is to Y.
The duty of X is to Y.
X have the function of Y.
The principle of electrometer is to measure the potential difference
across a known large capacitor which effectively takes all the
charge.
The duty of professor is to teach special subjects and make academic
researches.
Batteries have the function of changing chemical energy to electrical
energy.
The function of an electic microphone is to change sound vibrations into
electric vibrations.
12. 기능의 표현법 6
[2] 기능 2

serve to
serve as a means of
X act as a method of Y.
be used as a way of
be used for (or to)
be designed for (or to)

serve as
X act as Y.
be used as
12. 기능의 표현법 6
[2] 기능 2

An electric motor serves to change electrical energy into mechanical

energy - either kinetic or potetial or both.
Internal combustion engines act as a method of changing chemical
energy into mechanical energy.
A fluorescent tube is used as a way of producting more light and less
heat than a filament bulb.
The dynamo is used for generating electricity.
Clinical thermometers are specially designed for finding the
temperature of the human body.

Lead chloride is sparingly soluble and serves as a test for Pb2+ ions.
Ammonia can act as a reducing agent.
12. 기능의 표현법 6
[3] 기능 3

be a device for doing

be an apparatus for doing
X be an instrument for doing Y.
be an instrument designed to do
be a place for doing
be an organ for doing
12. 기능의 표현법 6
[3] 기능 3

The stomach is a place for digesting protein.

The brain is an organ for controlling the nervous system.
The capacitor is a device for storing electric charge.
A thermometer is an instrument designed to measure temperature.
Wilson cloud chamber is a device for showing up the tracks of
ionizing particles by using the phenomenon of condensation
from critically supersaturated vapors onto charged particles.
Wheatstone bridge is an apparatus for measuring electrical
resistance.
12. 기능의 표현법 6
[4] 능력

can
be able to
X be capable of Y.
have the ability to
have the capacity to
You were better able to go through the hardships than I was.
The short-sighted eye can see clearly objects closer than 25 cm but
distant objects are blurred.
He is capable of neglecting his duty.
The eye has the ability to see objects at different distances, which is
called accommodation.
12. 기능의 표현법 6
[5] 유인

X enable ~ to Y.
X cause ~ to Y.
X allow ~ to Y.
With the help of X, ~ can Y.
Clinical thermometers have a very narrow capillary which enables
them to be easily read to an accuracy of 0.1 C.
Catalysts allow equilibrium to be reached more quickly.
With the help of a tachometer, the driver can control the revolutions
per minute.
The presence of resistance causes the ohm-meter scale to be nonlinear.
12. 기능의 표현법 6
[6] 고려

regard
X consider Y
take account of
take into consideration

Taking into account

Assuming that Y, X.
Using
12. 기능의 표현법 6
[6] 고려

It is important to regard the problem from every point of view.

Many chemical reactions can be considered to be reversible.
Taking into account Kirchhoff's first law, we can find the cuurent in
the circuit.
Assuming that the acid is weak, the concentration of water will be
constant and need not to be considered.
Consider a particle moving round a circle of radius, a, with constant
angular velocity, ω.
A number of factors must be taken into consideration in operating the
laser equipment.
Using the electrometer to measure the capacitance of two large flat
metal plates, it can be shown by varying the overlapping areas
that the capacitance is proportional to the area.
13. 의견의 표현법 3
[1] 의견 1

I think
I consider
I contemplate
I deliberate
I agree
I disagree
I contend that ~ .
I claim
I argue
I am positive
I am sure
I am certain
It seems to me
13. 의견의 표현법 3
[1] 의견 1

I think that many solids are made of a crystal structure.

I consider that 'velocity' has a slightly different meaning from 'speed'.
I contemplate that all objects accelerate to the ground if dropped.
I agree with you that respiration occurs in every living cell.
I contend that respiration is the only way in which the cell obtains
usable energy.
I argue that the most of the rocks of the earth's crust have been
subjected to enormous pressures known as tectonic forces.
I am positive that Everest is composed of limestone which must have
been deposited and formed on the sea bed.
It seems to me that electronics is the general term used to describe
effects associated with the behavior of electrons.
13. 의견의 표현법 3
[2] 의견 2

Personally,
My opinion is that ~
It's my view that ~
It's my opinion that ~
It's my understanding that ~
In my view,
In my opinion,
I base my opinion on ~
13. 의견의 표현법 3
[2] 의견 2

My opinion is that new physics inevitably follows new experimental

tools and techniques.
It's our understanding that 'smalltalk' is an example of object-oriented
programmings.
It's my view that synthetic technique has been developed to make new
information.
In my opinion, GPS (Global Positioning System) conducted by the
U. S. Air Force is very useful for general navigation system.
I base my opinion on the fact that the language used in many political
and social debates presupposes a knowledge of history.
13. 의견의 표현법 3
[3] 의견 3

To me, If I am not mistaken,

To my mind, If I understand correctly,
To my knowledge, If I remember rightly,
To the best of my meory, If my memory serves me right,
For all I know,
As I remember,
As I understand it,
As far as I know,
As far as I am aware,
As far as I can remember,
As far as I am concerned,
13. 의견의 표현법 3
[3] 의견 3

To my knowledge, the principle of modulating a laser beam with an

acousto-optic signal is not used for many practical
applications.
For all I know, there was an enormous improvement in the health of
the Britsh people between 1815 and 1939.
As I remember, children survived the diseases of infancy by 1939.
As far as I know, most plants require a supply of water, mineral salts,
and the gases of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
If I am not mistaken, an atom is the smallest part of an element that
can take part in a chemical change.
If I understand correctly, non-metals burn in air to form oxides, e.g.,
the element sulfur burns in air to form sulfur dioxide.
14. 예시의 표현법 4
[1] 예시 1

be an example of ~
Take the case of ~
Consider ~ , for example.
Look at it this way.
Let me illustrate ~
Let me exemplify ~
Let me cite ~ as proof.
Let me explain ~ with this example.
This supports my argument that ~
This serves to underline the fact that ~
14. 예시의 표현법 4
[1] 예시 1

A heat energy is a good example of kinetic energy.

Take the case of oxygen. Oxygen is an element which cannot be split
up chemically into anything simpler.
Consider the case of nitrogen, for example. Nitrogen is produced by
warming a mixture of ammonium chloride and sodium nitrate.
Let me illustrate oxidation and reduction by a familiar example.
Let me explain the effect of photosynthesis with this example.
This supports my argument that pure water freezes at 0 C and boils
at 100 C at a pressure of 760 mm of mercury.
The interference phenomena of light serve to underline the fact that
light is a kind of wave.
Look at the light emitting diode this way. The LED is a particular type
of semiconductor diode that emits visible light when forward-
biased.
14. 예시의 표현법 4
[2] 예시 2

for example
for instance
for one thing
as follows
as proof of that
as an illustration
according to statistics
according to statistical evidence
14. 예시의 표현법 4
[2] 예시 2

Atoms of elements are each represented by a symbol, for example, iron

by Fe, sodium by Na, etc.
The symbols in each case represent one atom of the substance for
which they stand. For instance, Fe denotes one atom of iron.
For one thing, the molecules acquire heat energy and increase speed in
conduction process, for another, they strike molecules next to
them.
The main differences between physical and chemical changes are
summarized as follows.
Bromine is a volatile gas. As proof of that, the air will be filled with
brown bromine vapor.
Non-metals burn in air to form oxides. As an illustration, sulfur burns
in air to form sulfur dioxide.
According to statistics, the output of crops increased year by year.
14. 예시의 표현법 4
[3] 예시 3

in practice
in other words
in any case
in explanation of
in clarification
in a certain instance
in substantiation
To clarify
To explain
To paraphrase
To illustrate
To substantiate
14. 예시의 표현법 4
[3] 예시 3

Pressure, temperature, and volume of a gas interact with each other.

In other words, if one of them is changed, then another one is
changed as well.
In explanation of Avogadro's law, equal volumes of all gases under the
same conditions of temperature and pressure contain the same
number of molecules.
To explain the function of the eye, it is a good idea to compare with
the camera.
To illustrate the process of electrical conduction, heat conduction is
usually cited.
14. 예시의 표현법 4
[4] 바꿔 말하기와 예외

I mean
anyway
at all events
by which I mean
that is to say
apart from ~
except for ~
make an exception of ~
as an exception
with the exception of ~
14. 예시의 표현법 4
[4] 바꿔 말하기와 예외

There will be an earthquake soon, by which I mean in the next ten

years or so.
Atoms are regarded as spheres with a nucleus at the center and the rest
of the atom is empty, except for several discrete electron
shells.
Apart from helium which has two electrons in its ourter-most shell, the
other noble gases have eight electrons.
The world population is increasing exponentially, that is to say, by the
same percentage of the whole each year.
15. 제안의 표현법 5
[1] 일반적인 제안 방법

I propose I forbid
I sugggest I exclude that ~
I recommend I bar
I urge I prohibit
I press that ~
I demand
I claim
I support
I advocate
15. 제안의 표현법 5
[1] 일반적인 제안 방법

I'd like to propose that most digital electronic system should operate
using two distinct voltage signal levels.
I would only suggest that our graduate school should train more
teachers by using computers efficiently.
I recommend that the potentiometer should be either linear or
logarithmic.
I urge that one of the most rapidly developing area of modern
technology is that of information technology.
I demand that digital logic system should produce output dependent on
the particular combination of input signals.
I advocate that resistance is the tendency of a material to resist the
passage of an electric current.
15. 제안의 표현법 5
[2] 강한 제안 방법

We must
It's high time that X did
The only solution is to ~
There is no alternative but to ~
We see no other alternative but to ~
We must process and transmit all information in digital form which has
high immunity to noise.
It's high time that more students were encouraged to go abroad.
The only solution is to make the electric circuits more reliabe by using ICs.
There is no alternative but to modulate a carrier signal with information
when the information is transmitted elecrically from one point to
another.
We see no other alternative but to regulate the output of a voltage supply
by using the Zener diode.
15. 제안의 표현법 5
[3] 완곡한 제안 방법

How about doing ~ ?

What about doing ~ ?
We could always do ~ ?
Have you thought of doing ~?
If I might make a suggestion
Wouldn't it be possible to ~ ?
One solution would be to ~
It might be a good idea to ~
Surely it could be a good idea if ~
Mightn't it be rather better if ~
How does the idea of ~ appeal to you?
15. 제안의 표현법 5
[3] 완곡한 제안 방법

What about giving special training of computer literacy to school

teacher?
If I might make a suggestion, the inductive reactacne should be
measured in kiloohms.
Wouldn't it be possible for more practical method to be used?
One solution would be to take advantage of the cathode ray
oscilloscope that could give a graphic representation of an
alternating voltage.
It might be a good idea to use the capacitor that would store electric
charge and would allow AC to flow.
Surely it could be a good idea if the government gave more money
for agricultural development.
15. 제안의 표현법 5
[4] 제안이나 계획의 간단한 표현

I plan to ~
I pledge to ~
I appeal to ~
I plead for ~
I propose to ~
I plan to connect the two resistances in series across a potential
difference to divide up the voltage in the ratio of the values of
the resistance.
I propose to teach more practical subjects at the university.
15. 제안의 표현법 5
[5] 제안의 이점을 강조하는 방법

It is feasible to ~
It is profitable to ~
It is expedient to ~
It is imperative to ~
It is disastrous to ~
It is beneficial to ~
It seems feasible that German scientists will succeed in the production
of superconductive materials operating at room temperatures.
It is expedient to state that inductance is a measure of the ability of an
inductor to oppose a charge in current.
It would be beneficial to use the semiconductor diode which consists
of a single p-n junction.
16. 연결 문구 5
[1] 원인이나 이유의 간단한 표현

as This is because ~
since This is the reason why ~
because
due to
owing to
because of
in view of
by virtue of
on account of
for this reason
16. 연결 문구 5
[1] 원인이나 이유의 간단한 표현

Due to the low temperature, the gas is liquefied.

Because of the strong thermal radiation, the pyrex melted.
In view of the greenhouse effect, the atmosphere temperature of the
earth is gradually increasing year by year.
For this reason, the interference between the two coherent rays can be
observed.
Water changed into vapor. This is mainly (partly) because it was
heated to the boiling point.
This is the reason why the number of photons per second will decrease
as the intensity of the light decreases in a photoelectic
experiments.
16. 연결 문구 5
[2] 요약

in short
in brief
in summary
eventually
on the whole
to sum up
to review briefly
to be brief
16. 연결 문구 5
[2] 요약

In short, heat is a form of energy which can be measured in terms of

our normal energy unit, the joule.
In brief, vacuum flasks are a good example of prevention of all three
types of heat transfer.
Eventually, the capacitor is a device which can store electric charge.
On the whole, the rectifier changes AC to DC.
To sum up, the iris is a variable shutter that alters the sizes of the pupil.
To review briefly, energy gained by the system is given by the product
of heat capacity and temperature rise.
16. 연결 문구 5
[3] 목적의 간단한 표현

by way of ~
in order to ~
to the end that ~
for this purpose
for the purpose of ~
with a view to (or of) ~
with the aim of ~
with the object of ~
16. 연결 문구 5
[3] 목적의 간단한 표현

In oder to induce constructive interference, two waves of the same

frequency should be in phase.
For this purpose, we must measure the heat capacity which is required
to raise the temperature of the body by 1 C.
For the purpose of raising the temperature of the body, the random
motion has to be increased.
With the aim of observing the intensity of ultraviolet waves, we need a
photodetector sensitive to higher frequency than that of visible
light.
16. 연결 문구 5
[4] 결합

and
besides
furthermore
now
meanwhile
afterwards
in this way
in addition to
in this case
during this process
this is (to say)
16. 연결 문구 5
[4] 결합

In this way, Lissajous figures can be displayed.

If, in addition to this, the operation is commutative, it is called a
commutative or Abelian group.
In this case, eddy current is a disadvantage and has to be minimized.
In the case of the square of a number less than 1, the following square
should be appreciated: 0.12 = 0.01.
Optical fibers can carry much more information than electrical cables.
Besides, there is no crosstalk when using optical fibers.
16. 연결 문구 5
[5] 결론

so
thus
hence
therefore
accordingly
consequently
as a result
as a consequence
consequent upon
in conclusion
in consequence of
16. 연결 문구 5
[5] 결론

The metal conducts heat well. So, it is used for radiators.

The glass is transparent. Thus, it is used for windows.
Only short-wavelength infrared waves will pass through the glass.
Therefore, heat energy from the sun passes through the glass.
A piece of metal is placed in a changing magnetic field. As a result,
eddy currents are produced in the metal.
In conclusion, we observed a new effect in quantum electronics,
although this was theoretically predicted by German scientists.
17. 마무리하기 2
[1] 정리

Let me summarize that ~ .

Finally, we conclude that ~ .
I'd like to make some conclusions.
I'd like to summarize my talk.
In conclusion we can say that ~ .
So to conclude, ~ .
Let me summarize that saturation effect cannot be neglected in laser
spectoscopy.
I'd like to make several conclusions on my new observation.
Now, I'd like to summarize my talk with a couple of remarks.
17. 마무리하기 2
[2] 마지막 인사

Thank you.
Thank you for your patience.
Thank you very much indeed for your kind atttention.
Thank you very much for your indulgence.
I'd like to thank you for your endurance.
목차
- 질문과 대답

1. 일반적인 질문 방법
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법
3. 질문에 대한 응답 및 토론 방법
1. 일반적인 질문 방법 6
[1] 주의를 끄는 방법

May I ask you?

I want to ask you.
I'd like to ask, Dr. Smith.
Just one question.
My question is for Dr. Smith.
My question is concerned with ~ .
There is something I'd like to ask.
1. 일반적인 질문 방법 6
[1] 주의를 끄는 방법

May I ask you a couple of questions?

Dr. Smith, I want to ask you a question about the interference
phenomena that you got in the experiment.
I'd like to ask Dr. Smith to comment on our new theoretical
development.
Just one more question, please.
My question is for Dr. Smith. What is the cause of the dramatic rise in
your production?
My question is concerned with your reliable computer system.
There is something I'd like to ask. How did you make your new
optical fibers?
1. 일반적인 질문 방법 6
[2] 간단한 질문 방법

ask a question
put a question
have a question
raise a question concerning ~
direct a question about ~
address a question regarding ~
inquire
query
question
interrogate
1. 일반적인 질문 방법 6
[2] 간단한 질문 방법

I have a question about the distinction between computer-aided testing

and computer-aided manufacturing.
I'd like to direct a question concerning the peculiar phenomena of
your diode laser.
Could I raise a question regarding the measurement of frequency to
Dr. Smith?
1. 일반적인 질문 방법 6
[3] 정중한 질문 방법

Would you mind if I ask ~ ?

May I presume to ask you a question?
Could I venture to ask you to ~ ?
I hope you don't mind my asking, but ~ .
I wonder if you could elaborate on ~ .
I am wondering if you would tell us ~ .
I was just wondering if you could ~ .
1. 일반적인 질문 방법 6
[3] 정중한 질문 방법

Would you mind if I ask a question about your special shape memory
alloys?
May I presume to ask you to explain how your system works
effectively?
Could I venture to ask you to comment on that?
I wonder if you could elaborate on this point.
I am wondering if you could tell us why.
I was just wondering if you could explain why it changed.
1. 일반적인 질문 방법 6
[4] 다른 질문 방법

I am curious about ~
I am interested in ~
I'm curious to know ~
I'd like to hear ~
I'm anxious to know ~
I should be interested to know ~
It would be interesting to hear ~
It could be useful to know ~
1. 일반적인 질문 방법 6
[4] 다른 질문 방법

I'm curious about your recent development of microchip manufacture.

I'd like to hear a little more about your design of computer system.
I'm anxious to know why you decided to choose this method.
It could be useful to know how two types of germanium are used to
make a bipolar transistor.
1. 일반적인 질문 방법 6
[5] 질문의 요점을 말하는 방법

About ~
As for ~
Now for ~
Regarding ~
Concerning ~
Talking of ~
Speaking of ~
With regard to ~
With respect to ~
With reference to ~
1. 일반적인 질문 방법 6
[5] 질문의 요점을 말하는 방법

As for your new observation, I'd like to make two comments.

Regarding the control system, I want to make some remarks.
Talking of your recent development, I'd like to ask you to document
that.
With respect to your final conclusion, I think that it's just an
assumption.
1. 일반적인 질문 방법 6
[6] 의견을 구하는 방법

What are your views on ~

What are your feelings about ~
What's your opinion about ~
What's your reaction to ~ ?
What do you think about ~
How do you feel about ~
How do you see ~
1. 일반적인 질문 방법 6
[6] 의견을 구하는 방법

What are your views on the system of class formed according to

degree of advancement?
What are your feelings about the education of returnee children?
What's your opinion about nuclear fuel reprocessing plant?
What's your reaction to the wage negotiation if the union wins a 7 %
raise?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[1] 원인이나 이유를 묻는 방법

the cause of
the reason of
the rationale for
What’s responsible for ~?
the ground for
the basis for
the justification for
What is the cause of the damage?
What's your reason for the low resistance?
What's the rationale for the frequency fluctuation?
What's responsible for the big deviation from the theoretical value?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[2] 목적을 묻는 방법

What's the aim of

What's the goal of
What's the object of X?
What's the purpose of
What's your objective of

What other purpose does X serve?

What's the main aim of the Zener diode?
What's the final goal of your cancer research?
What's the purpose of ELINT?
What other purpose does your sophisticated computer system serve?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[3] 둘 사이의 관계를 묻는 방법

Do you see any relation ~?

Do you see any relevance ~?
Do you see any interrelationship ~?
Do you think there is any correlation ~?
Do you think there is any connection ~?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[3] 둘 사이의 관계를 묻는 방법

Do you see any relation between a light emitting diode and a laser
diode?
Do you see any interrelationship between an inverting amplifier and a
noninverting amplifier?
Do you think there is any correlation between overprotection and
school violence?
Do you think there is any connection between transistor-transistor
logic (TTL) and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
(CMOS)?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[4] 상이점을 묻는 방법

What's the difference

Could you find any difference between A and B?
Could you make a distinction

How do you differentiate A from B?

How do you distinguish
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[4] 상이점을 묻는 방법

What's the difference between casting and molding?

Could you find any difference between p-n-p junction and n-p-n
junction?
Could you make a distinction between an analogue meter and a digital
meter?
How do you differentiate between half-wave rectification and full-
wave rectification?
How do you distinguish a step-down transformer from a step-up
transformer?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[5] 구성 요소를 묻는 방법

What does X consist of?

What is X made up of?
What is X composed of?
What did X originally consist of?
How are the components of X formed?
What does a hydrogen atom consist of ?
How many bits is one byte made up of ?
What is a semiconductor diode composed of ?
What did a fire alarm originally consist of ?
How are the components of a combination logic circuit formed ?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[6] 이유를 묻는 방법

Could you tell us why ~ ?

Would you give us the reason to do ~ ?
I'd like to ask you why ~ .
Is there any reason to believe that ~ ?
I'd like to ask you why the pH of the solution effects the color of
indicators.
Is there any reason to believe that lihgt greatly affects free radical
reaction?
Could you tell us why the weight of the body varies from place to
place?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[7] 기능을 묻는 방법

What's the function of X ?

What function does X perform ?
What function does X encompass ?
What served as a standard for X ?
When was X implemented?
How does X act as Y ?
What's the function of a fire alarm composed of a temperature sensor,
an electronic switch an an alarm buzzer?
What function does the combination logic circuit perform?
What functions does a numerical-controlled machine encompass?
What served as a standard for the operating system of your computer?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[8] 사용처나 용도를 묻는 방법

What is used when ~ ?

What is used in such a case ?
Where is X used after ~ ?
What's X used for ?
What's one application of X ?
What does the method use to ~ ?
What new method was utilized ?
Why was X utilized ?
What does your study use to ~ ?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[8] 사용처나 용도를 묻는 방법

What is used when you step down the high voltage in power supplies?
What is used normally in such a case?
What's the magnetic bubble memory used for?
What's one application of super lattice devices?
What new method was utilized to measure very weak current?
Why was the sensitive multimeter utilized for the measurement?
What does your study use to generate high electric power?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[9] 요소나 인자를 묻는 방법

What's the basic element of

What are the main elements of X?
What's on important factor in
What factors have led to
What's the basic element of operational amplifiers?
What are the main elements of field effective transistors?
What's one important factor in the conversion of an analogue signal to
a digital signal?
What factors have led to the fast response in the TTL logic integrated
circuits?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[10] 장점이나 단점을 묻는 방법

What are the merits of

What are the demerits of
What's the advantage of X?
What's the benefit of
Is there any disadvantage to doing
What are the advantage and disadvantage of neclear reactors which
have been commercially used to generate electricity?
Is there any disadvantage to using the method of blow molding?
What are the merits of electric discharge machining?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[11] 정보를 얻는 방법

Do you have any information on ~

Have you any information about ~
Is there any information concerning ~
I wonder if you could give us some information about ~
I wonder whether there is any information on ~
Do you have any information on the development of microwave
sensors for pulp and paper industry?
Is there any information concerning radio astronomy receivers and
infrared remote sensing?
I wonder if you could give us some information about the fabrication
of very large-scale integration.
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[12] 설명을 구하는 방법

Can you explain this ?

Could you have any explanation for ~ ?
Could you give some explanation of ~ ?
Would you enlighten us on ~ ?
How do you account for ~ ?
I wonder if you could explain ~ ?
I wonder if you would clarify ~ ?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[12] 설명을 구하는 방법

Can you explain details of the peripheral equipments of your

computer?
Could you have any explanation for the electrical isolation which you
achieved under the difficult condition?
Could you give some clear explanation of the peculiar phenomena
which you got in the experiment?
How do you account for the rapid increase of the temperature?
I wonder if you could explain the noticeable decline of the voltage?
I wonder if you would clarify the fluctuating performance of the
pressure at the end of the experiment?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[13] 표시를 묻는 방법

What does X mean?

What does X imply?
What does X express?
What does X stand for?
What is meant by X?
What does the space colony mean?
What does the phased-array antenna imply?
What does CVD express?
What does APD represent?
What does FORTRAN stand for?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[14] 결정의 주체를 묻는 방법

What determines X ?
What does Y determine ?
How is X determined ?
What determines whether ~ ?
What determines the high speed operation?
What does the slow reaction determine?
How is the output voltage determine?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[15] 개선을 묻는 방법

What process does X improve ?

What improvement does X bring about ?
What is found to improve Y ?
What requirement must be considered?
What process does the short-wavelength laser improve in the
microchip manufacture?
What was found to have improved the date communication networks?
What requirement must be considered essentially to produce a reliable
system?
What improvement does the recent automation bring about?`
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[16] 달성을 묻는 방법

How was X accomplished ?

How was X carried out ?
Where was X achieved ?
What was the approach to X ?
What could X become ?
At what point did X reach a peak ?
How was the efficient method accomplished?
How was the high temperature operation carried out?
What was the approach to the easy installation of the software?
At what point did the pressure reach a peak?
2. 내용에 관해 상세히 묻는 방법 17
[17] 영향을 묻는 방법

What factors affect X ?

How does X effect Y ?
How has X influenced Y ?
How does the presence of hydrogen effect the electromotive force in
the electric cell?
What factors affect the conversion efficiency from heat to electricity?
3. 질문에 대한 응답 및 토론 방법 6
[1] 답하기 전에

Sure (Surely).
Certainly.
Yes, I'd be delighted to.
I'll respond to that question briefly.
My answer to that question is that ~ .
The answer to the second question is that ~ .
I'd like to answer that question.
3. 질문에 대한 응답 및 토론 방법 6
[1] 답하기 전에

Certainly. Well, as you know, that causes a lot of problems.

Yes, I'd be delighted to. The situation now is very difficult. We must
consider what processes improve it.
I'll respond to that question briefly. Let's go back to the third slide.
My answer to that question is that the development of robots causes a
lot of unemployment.
I'd like to answer that question first. We are going to use a
supercomputer in order to shorten the calculation time.
3. 질문에 대한 응답 및 토론 방법 6
[2] 먼저 질문을 칭찬한다

a good
a big
an important
That’s an excellent question.
a difficult
a hard
a complicated

I'm glad you asked this question.

I appreciate that question, because ~
3. 질문에 대한 응답 및 토론 방법 6
[2] 먼저 질문을 칭찬한다

That's a good question. It's hard to answer that question exactly

because a lot of parameters are unknown.
That's a big question. Not my knowledge.
That's an important question, because the problem has not been sloved
yet.
That's a complicated question. I'm sorry that I can't answer that.
I appreciate that question, because that's what we struggled to have
solved.
3. 질문에 대한 응답 및 토론 방법 6
[3] 명확히 하는 방법

The point
The point I'm trying to make
I think what I mean
I suppose what I'm saying
What I mean is that ~ .
What I'm saying
What I'm trying to say
All I mean
All I'm trying to say
3. 질문에 대한 응답 및 토론 방법 6
[3] 명확히 하는 방법

Well, what I am trying to say is that the program language of C is

very useful to develop an operating system.
The point I'm trying to make is that insulators offer very high
resistance to the passage of an electic current so that the
present current flow is negligible.
I think what I mean is that the efficiency of all machines is never
greater than 100 %.
What I'm saying is that even the small voltage at the transistor turns
the transistor fully ON, and as a result, the output voltage will
be HIGH.
All I mean is that information must first be represented in a digital
form before it is transmitted.
3. 질문에 대한 응답 및 토론 방법 6
[4] 동의

I'm in complete agreement.

I quite agree.
I couldn't agree more.
I take your point.
I'd go along with you on that.
I think you're right there.
That's true.
That's right.
3. 질문에 대한 응답 및 토론 방법 6
[4] 동의

With regard to your interpretation of the strange phenomena, I'm in

complete agreement with you.
I quite agree with you. However, another problem arises gradually in
that case.
I couldn't agree more. That's quite correct.
Exactly! That't what I'm saying.
3. 질문에 대한 응답 및 토론 방법 6
[5] 이의

That's out of question.

That's ridiculous.
That's not how I see it.
I disagree completely.
I wouldn't agree.
I wouldn't say that.
I think you're wrong.
I disagree.
3. 질문에 대한 응답 및 토론 방법 6
[5] 이의

That's out of question. It's easy to understand that binary coded

decimal is very useful when large number need to be
represented in binary in electronic systems.
That's ridiculous! I can't stand on that.
I disagree completely. Because this value varies slightly from place to
place.
I wouldn't agree with you there. You see the whole point is that we
must measure the precise volume.
3. 질문에 대한 응답 및 토론 방법 6
[6] 반박하는 경우

I'd agree up to a point, but

I see your point, but
I take your point, but
I suppose you're right, but
I accept what you say, but
That may well be, but
That is true, but
Possibly, but
Maybe so, but
3. 질문에 대한 응답 및 토론 방법 6
[6] 반박하는 경우

I'd agree with you to a certatin extent, but I still feel it could be very
interesting.
I take your point, but, you see, the spark discharges occur at
frequencies ranging from 500 to 10, 000 pulses per second.
I accept what you say, but wouldn't you agree that enzymes work with
optimum effects at a particular temperature and pH.
Maybe so, but surely you must admit that enzymes will effect only
one reaction.
Thank you very much indeed
for your kind atttention.
Have a nice weekend!