IDENTITY

 NAME-DEVANSH BAJORIA
 CLASS-XI
 ROLL NO.-14
 SUBJECT-MATHAMETICS
 TOPIC

3-D
GEOMETRY
 INTRODUCTION
In three-dimensional geometry, the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis are the three coordinate
axes of a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system. These lines are three mutually
perpendicular lines. The values of the coordinate axes determine the location of the
point in the coordinate plane.
The three planes (XY, YZ and ZX) determined by the pair of axes are the coordinate
planes. All three planes divide the space into eight parts, called octants.
In three-dimensional geometry, the coordinates of a point P is always written in the
form of P(x, y, z), where x, y and z are the distances of the point, from the YZ, ZX and
XY-planes.
• The coordinates of any point at the origin is (0,0,0)
 The coordinates of any point on the x-axis is in the form of (x,0,0)
 The coordinates of any point on the y-axis is in the form of (0,y,0)
 The coordinates of any point on the z-axis is in the form of (0,0,z)
 The coordinates of any point on the XY-plane is in the form (x, y, 0)
 The coordinates of any point on the YZ-plane is in the form (0, y, z)
 The coordinates of any point on the ZX-plane is in the form (x, 0, z)
 Illustration 1

Question:
Find the distance between the points (1, 3, -2) and (2, 4, -
1).
Solution:
It is given that
(x1, y1, z1) = (1, 3, -2)
(x2, y2, z2) = (2, 4, -1)
Substitute these values in the 3D distance formula:
d=√(x2−x1)^2+(y2−y1)^2+(z2−z1)^2
d=√(2−1)^2+(4−3)^2+(−1−(−2))^2
d=√1+1+1=√3
Thus, the distance between the given two points
is √3 units
 Illustration 2
Example :
Determine the coordinate points which divide the line segment that joins the
point (1, -2, 3) and (3, 4, -5) in the ratio of 2:3 internally and externally.
Solution:
Assume that the point P(x, y, z) divides the line segment that joins A(1, -2, 3) and
B(3, 4, -5) internally in the ratio of 2:3.
Here, m=2, and n=3
Now, substitute the values in the section formula,
⇒ [(mx2+nx1)/m+n, (my2+ny1)/m+n, (mz2+nz1)/m+n ]
⇒ [(2(3)+3(1))/2+3,(2(4)+3(-2))/2+3, (2(-5)+3(3))/2+3 ]
⇒[(9/5), (⅖), (-⅕)]
Hence, the required point is [(9/5), ( ⅖), (-⅕)]
Let the point P(x, y, z) divides the line segment that joins A(1, -2, 3) and B(3, 4, -5)
externally in the ratio of 2:3, then
⇒ [(mx2-nx1)/m-n, (my2-ny1)/m-n, (mz2-nz1)/m-n ]
⇒ [(2(3)-3(1))/2-3,(2(4)-3(-2))/2-3, (2(-5)-3(3))/2-3 ]
⇒[-3, -14, 19]
Hence, the required point is (-3, -14, 19).
 conclusion
 3D geometry refers to the mathematics of shapes in three-dimensional space and
consists of 3 coordinates. These 3 coordinates are x-coordinate, y-coordinate and z-
coordinate. In three-dimensional space, there is a requirement of three parameters
for the purpose of finding the exact location of a point.
Dimension, in common parlance, denotes the measure of an object’s size, such as a
box, usually given as height, length, and width. In geometry, the notion of
dimension is an extension of the idea that a line represents one-dimensional, a
plane happens to be two-dimensional, and space is three-dimensional.
 The formation of a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system is by a point
known as the origin as well as a basis involving three mutually perpendicular
vectors. These vectors properly explain the three coordinate axes which are: the x−,
y−, and z−axis. Experts also call them as abscissa, ordinate and applicate axis,
respectively.
Our world is certainly three-dimensional because our universe is three-
dimensional. Everything in the real world is in a three-dimensional shape. Even a
flat piece of paper has some thickness if you look sideways. A strand of your hair or
a big-sized bus, all of them have a three dimensional geometry. 
 bibliography
 https://www.Wikipedia.com
 www.byjus.com
 Understanding ISC Mathematics M.L.
Agarwal Class XI