Endogenic

Process

Prepared by:
Ms. Trishia Pascual
TOPOGRAPHY – distribution of
landscape highs and lows
LANDFORMS – types of surface terrain features.
( rugged mountains, sloping plains, rolling hills
and valleys or elevated plateaus cut by steep
canyons.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS
• are forces from within the earth that
shape the land
• It tends to increase the surface relief.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

Landform and
Geomorphology
• RELIEF – difference in elevation between
highest and lowest points within a specified area
or on a particular surface feature.
 Fundamental characteristics of all
landforms and landscape.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES, ROCK

STRUCTURE AND LANDFORMS
ROCK STRUCTURE
• the nature, orientation, inclination, and arrangement of affected rock
layers.
 Rocks have undergone significant tectonic forces may be tilted,
folded, or fractured.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

ROCK STRUCTURE
ORIENTATION OF TILTED ROCK LAYER
• STRIKE
 Compass direction of the line that would mark the intersection
of a tilted rock layer and horizontal plane.\

• DIP
 Measured at right angles to the strike and in degrees of angle
from the horizontal.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES:
 Movements of parts of the crust and upper mantle.

THREE PRINCIPAL TYPES

• COMPRESSIONAL
 Push crustal rocks together.
• TENSIONAL TECTONIC FORCES
 Pull parts of the crust away from each other
•SHEARING TECTONIC FORCES
 slide parts of of Earth’s crust past each other.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES:
COMPRESSIONAL
 Tectonic forces that push two areas of crustal rocks together trend to
shorten and thicken the crust
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES:
COMPRESSIONAL
FOLDING – bending or crumpling of rock layers occurs when
compression forces are applied to rocks that are ductile (bendable).

ROCK STRUCTURES
• Anticlines – upfold rock structure
• Synclines – downfold rock structure
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES:
COMPRESSIONAL
FOLDING – bending or crumpling of rock layers occurs when
compression forces are applied to rocks that are ductile (bendable).
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES:
COMPRESSIONAL
FOLDING
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES:
COMPRESSIONAL
FAULT – fracture where movement occurs.

FAULTING – slippage or displacement of rocks along a fracture surface.

• REVERSE FAULT – steep, high angle fault from

compressional forces.
• THRUST FAULT – compression that pushes a mass of rock a
low – angle fault
 Overthrust – Shallow displacement
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES:
COMPRESSIONAL
• REVERSE FAULT – steep, high angle fault from
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES:
COMPRESSIONAL
• THRUST FAULT – compression that pushes a mass of rock a
low – angle fault
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES:
COMPRESSIONAL
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES:
TENSIONAL
 Tensional tectonic forces pull in opposite directions in a way that
stretches and thins the impacted part of the crust.

FAULT BLOCK – crust break into discrete block.

• NORMAL FAULT – fault blocks that separated to each other.
 Graben – blocks on either side slid along the faults
 Horst – adjacent block slid downward.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES:
TENSIONAL
• NORMAL FAULT – fault blocks that separated to each other.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES:
TENSIONAL
• NORMAL FAULT – fault blocks that separated to each other.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES:
TENSIONAL
RIFT VALLEYS –
long comparatively
narrow zones of
crust down
dropped between
normal fault.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES:
TENSIONAL
ESCARPMENT/SCARP
– steep cliff, maybe tall
or short.

FAULT SCARP – cliff

results from movement
along a fault.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES:
SHEARING
 Vertical displacement
along a fault occurs when
the rocks on one side
move up or drop down
relative rocks on the other
side.

 Dip – Slip Faults – up or

down along the dip fault
plane extending to Earth.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:

TECTONIC FORCES:
SHEARING
 Strike-strip Fault –
direction of slippage is
parallel to the surface
trace, or strike of fault.
 Lateral Fault –
Horizontal Motion
Keep it positive.