PROF. Mechelle M.

✓Science and technology indeed

play major roles in the everyday life
✓they make difficult and
complicated
tasks easier
✓development in this field are not
just products of people’s imagination
or one time thought process; they
are also brought about by gradual
improvements to earlier works from
different time periods.
✓In the ancient times ,
people were concerned with
transportation and
navigation, communication
and record-keeping, mass
production, security and
protection, as well as health,
aesthetics and architecture
✓was significant during
that time because people
were trying to go to
places and discover new
horizons
✓they also travelled to
trade their surplus goods
in exchange for things that
they lacked
✓was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy
new places.
✓they needed a way to communicate with the natives of the
areas they visited so as to facilitate trade and prevent
possible conflicts.
✓the increase in size and number of nations connoted
increased demand for food and other basic necessities.
✓were important as well in the
discovery of new places or the
establishment of new alliances
with other tribes.
✓at that time, there was always a
risk of conflict when people met
others with different culture and
orientations.
✓the early people might have
been successful in harnessing the
rich resources that the world
could provide, but their survival
posed a great problem
✓different illness and diseases,
both natural and man-made,
hampered the full potential of the
human being.
✓in order to integrate their
needs-for better
transportation,
establishment of structures
for protection from human
attacks and natural disasters
and construction of bigger
and stronger infrastructures-
people ventured into what is
now known as the field of
engineering
✓the development of
engineering also ushered in
the introduction of
architecture.
✓others might see architecture
as a mere style, but during the
ancient times, elaborate
architectural designs were
signs of technological
advancement of a particular
civilization.
✓Sumeria is located on the
southernmost tip of
ancient Mesopotamia.
✓Sumerian are known for their
high degree of cooperation
with one another and their
desire for great things.
✓they are not contented with
the basic things that life can
offer
✓one of the major contributions of
the Sumerians is the development
of the first writing system known as
cuneiform.
✓it is a system that utilizes word
pictures and triangular symbols
which are carved on clay using
wedge instruments and then left to
dry.
✓another important contribution
of the Sumerians is the City of
Uruk.
✓it is great wonder not only because
it is considered to be the first true
city in the world but also for the way
it was erected.
✓there were no building stones in the
location of this city and lumber was
limited, making the construction a
big challenge
✓also called as the mountain of
god, was built in the same manner
that they constructed the city of
Uruk.
✓without much building materials,
the structure was constructed
using sun-baked bricks.
✓the Ziggurat served as the sacred
place of their chief god, where
only their priests were allowed to
enter.
✓as population increased, so did
the demand for food.
✓the Sumerians were challenged
to mass produce food items but
the elements in the
environment seemed
uncooperative.
✓it was difficult to get water
from rivers, thus they could not
maintain farmlands.
✓another challenge to the
Sumerians was
transportation.
✓at that time, the wheel was
not yet invented; the main
mode of transportation was
through waterways such as
rivers and seas.
✓in the later part of the history ,
the Sumerians were able to
invent the wheel since the
specialized tools needed to
create it were already
available.
✓the first wheel were not made
for transportation but for farm
work and food processes.
✓another farm
technology invented by
the Mesopotamians.
✓humans evolved from
being food gatherers to
farm cultivators.
✓however, farmers needed a
technology which would
enable them to dig the ground
where seeds would be planted.
✓In order to facilitate
faster and easier travel,
the Sumerians
developed the first
roads.
✓with this work, the
flow of traffic become
faster and more
organized.
✓it emerges near the Tigris
and
Euphrates rivers.
✓the Babylonians were
great builders, engineers
and architects.
✓one of their major
contributions is the hanging
garden of Babylon, one of
the seven wonders of the
✓today people can only marvel at the
beauty of the famous hanging
gardens of Babylon from stories of
historians and paintings that portray
the place.
✓it was said to be a structure made
up of layers upon layers of gardens
that contained several species of
plants, trees, and vines.
✓according to the legends, the great
Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II
built the gardens for his wife,
✓another early civilization
famous for its legacy is the
Egyptian civilization located
in North Africa.
✓many stories tell about the
engineering feats of the
Egyptians especially regarding
the infrastructures
established by the pharaohs.
✓one of the earlier contributions of Egyptian civilization.
✓although Egypt was not the first to develop a system of
writing,
they were able to make writing easier for the world.
✓when the Egyptians invented
the papyrus or the paper,
engraving ceased to be used in
writing.
✓as a result, the Egyptians invented
ink by combining soot with different
chemicals to produce inks of different
colors
✓The word hieroglyph literally means "sacred
carvings". The Egyptians first used
hieroglyphs exclusively for inscriptions carved
or painted on temple walls. This form of
pictorial writing was also used on tombs,
sheets of papyrus, wooden boards covered
with a stucco wash, potsherds and fragments
of limestone.
✓when the Egyptians invented the papyrus
or the paper, engraving ceased to be used in
writing.
✓as a result, the Egyptians invented ink by
combining soot with different chemicals
to produce inks of different colors
✓th Egyptians also invented the use of
e cosmetics.
✓although cosmetics in the modern times
are used to improve and highlight the
facial features of a person, their function in
ancient Egypt was for both health and
aesthetic reasons.
✓Egyptian mostly used galena
commonly known as kohl) and
s malachite powder
(more (a green mineral) for
eye makeup. Galena was a black paint
that shielded eyes from the sun, while
malachite powder made the eyes appear
larger and protected those who wore it.
Both were applied using ivory, wood, or
sticks made of metal.
✓In ancient Egypt, both males
and females wore wigs made
either from human hair, sheep's
wool or vegetable fibers,
depending upon their social
status.
✓another cosmetic invention of
the
Egyptians is the wig.
✓wigs are use to enhance the
appearance of people who are
balding or those who wants to
try new hair trends.
✓another important ancient
Egyptian contribution.
✓the device utilizes gravity
that affects the flow of water
from one vessel to the other.
✓the water clock was widely
used as a timekeeping device
during the ancient times.
✓Greece is an archipelago
in the southeastern part
of Europe.
✓known as the birthplace of
western philosophy, some of
the major achievements of
the Greeks include in-depth
works on philosophy and
mathematics.
✓one of the most utilized gadgets today
that was invented by the ancient Greeks
is the alarm clock.
✓although the alarm clock during that
time did not resemble the present-day
alarm clock, the purpose was same-to
tell an individual when to start and stop.
✓were also consideredas one of
most important contributions
of the Greek civilization to the
world.
✓only used in agricultural
processes like milling of
grains which was necessary
form of food processing
during that time.
✓Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and
social entity in the west.
✓it was considered be the cradle of politics and governance
during that period because the Roman Empire was so large,
other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of
legislation and codified laws.
✓one of the major contribution of
Roman empire.
✓the first newspaper known as the
gazettes, contained
announcements of the Roman
Empire to the people.
✓these gazettes were engraved
in metal or stone tablets and
then publicly displayed.
✓with the invention of
newspaper, it became easier for
civilizations to write down
everything that happened in
their time.
✓record-keeping was much
easier since paper did not easily
break, was lightweight and did
not occupy much space.
✓is one of the most visual
contributions of the ancient
Roman Empire to the world.
✓was considered a continuation
of Greek architecture, hence, the
resemblance.
✓they were able to preserve great
and elaborate architectural designs
because they could produce
sturdier and stronger
infrastructures.
✓although other number systems had
already been established before the
Roman numeral, these old systems
could not keep up with high calculation
requirements due to the increasing
rate of communication and trade
among nations.
✓since the Roman Empire was
expending, it had to deal with
many nations to maintain its
power.
✓is considered to be the oldest
civilization in Asia, if not the world.
✓also known as the middle
kingdom, China is located on
the far east of Asia.
✓it was famous among other
ancient civilizations because of its
silk trades.
✓one of the things that connected
Far East China to the world is
silk.
✓although it is produced by silk
worms, the Chinese were the
ones who developed the
technology to harvest the silk
and process it to produce paper
and clothing.
✓tea is a beverage produced by
pouring hot or boiling water
over crushed or shredded dried
tea leaves.
✓it was believed that the first tea
was drunk by a Chinese emperor.
✓tea production was developed when
an unknown Chinese inventor
created a machine that was able to
shred tea leaves into strips.
✓once considered the only man-made
structured that could be seen from outer
space, the Great Wall of China is said to be the
largest and most extensive infrastructure that
the nation built.
✓it was constructed to keep out foreign
invaders
and control the borders of China.
✓Around 220 B.C.E., Qin Shi Huang, also called the
First Emperor, united China. He masterminded
the process of uniting the existing walls into one.
At that time, rammed earth and wood made up
most of the wall. Emperor after emperor
strengthened and extended the wall, often with
✓the gunpowder is one of the
most interesting inventions in
China.
✓originally, it was developed by
Chinese alchemists who aimed to
achieved immortality.
✓they mixed charcoal, sulfur and
potassium nitrate, but instead of
creating an elixir of life, they
accidentally invented a black powder
that could actually generate large
amounts of heat and gas in an
instant.
✓the start of middle ages was
marked by massive invasions
and migrations.
✓wars were prevalent during
this time.
✓as such, great technology was
needed in the fields of
weaponry, navigation, mass food
and farm production and health.
✓after the Chinese developed
woodblock, Johann Gutenberg was
able to invent the printing press, a
more reliable way of printing using
a cast type.
✓he utilized wooden machines that
extracted juices from fruits, attached
to them a metal impression of the
letters, and pressed firmly the cast
metal into a piece of paper, which
then made an exact impression on
paper.
✓another invention in the Middle
Ages.
✓more and more people transferred
to polluted and populated urban
areas which resulted in more people
getting sick and needing medical
attention.
✓guided by the principles used for the
invention of eyeglasses in early years,
Zacharias Janssen was able to
✓since the Middle Ages was also
known as the Age f Exploration,
the need for nautical inventions
was high.
✓considering the vast empty oceans
that separated lands, ship captains
needed to see far and wide for
them to navigate or to avoid
dangers at sea.
✓since wars were widespread
during the Middle Ages,
great weaponry technology
also occured.
✓all sides must develop
weaponries not only as
offensive tools but also
as defensive instruments.
✓the booming world
population during the
nineteenth century onwards
demanded that more goods
be produced at a faster rate.
✓people needed efficient
means of transportation to
trade more goods and cover a
larger distance
✓as people were able to developed better
means of production to meet the needs of the
population, food preservation and food safety
became an issue.
✓the challenge to keep manufactured food
from deteriorating was greater for dairy
products, especially milk, since they usually
spoiled faster.
✓Pasteurization or pasteurization is a process in
which packaged and non-packaged foods (such
as milk and fruit juice) are treated with mild
heat, usually to less than 100 °C (212 °F), to
eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life. ...
Spoilage enzymes are also inactivated during
pasteurization.
✓Louis Pasteur
✓the modern times demanded
better means of powering homes
and transportation.
✓at first, people used animal oils
for generating light to illuminate
their homes.
✓however, the production of
animal oils
could not keep up with the demand.
✓Samuel M. Kier was able to
invent kerosene by refining
petroleum.
✓Kerosene was later referred to as
 e

✓the more people got connected by

trade and exploration, the more
they needed a way to easily
maintain thes connection and
communicate with each other in
real time.
✓the development of the telephone
by Alexander Graham Bell was one
of the most important inventions at
that time.
✓although an earlier
version of the calculator
had already been
developed,
circumstances in the
modern times required
a faster way to compute • According to the History of Computers website, Wilhelm
more complicated Schickard was credited with inventing the first adding machine
after Dr. Franz Hammer, a biographer of Johannes Kepler, claimed
equations. that drawings of a calculating clock had been discovered in two
letters written by Schickard to Johannes Kepler in 1623 and
1624. Prior to this discovery, Blaise Pascal, who developed
the “Pascaline” adding machine in 1642, was regarded as the
inventor of the first adding machine.
✓despite being considered a
developing country, the
Philippines also contributes to the
global advancement of science
and technology.
✓it is quite remarkable to note
the ingenuity of the Filipinos
despite the lack in resources.
✓the Philippines is known to be
one of the most vulnerable
countries in terms of natural
disasters.
✓it has become ordinary for
Filipinos to convert transport
vehicles into something
more useful.
✓an example is the
conversion of American
military jeeps used in the
World War II into jeepneys.
✓one othe major needs in
the Philippines, as a
developing nation, is
electrification.
✓electricity powers various
types of machines, including
light sources.
✓in many rural areas in the
country, activities would
cease when it gets dark.
✓a common problem in the Philippines is the
high mortality rate of newborn babies.
✓one reason for this problem in the 20th
century was the lack of available incubators
specially in far-flung rural areas due to lack of
available resources and electricity.
✓Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician
and the first Asian woman, admitted into
Harvard Medical School, devised a medical
incubator made from indigenous and cheap
materials which do not run on electricity.
✓dengue, a mosquito-borne viral
illness, is endemic in tropical and
subtropical areas, including the
Philippines.
✓this virus is usually transmitted
by Aedes aegypti mosquito,
rampant during the rainy season.
✓in 2010, the DOST-ITDI was able to
introduce the Mosquito
Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System,
also known as OL Trap.
✓a major innovation that changed the transportation industry in
the Philippines was the development of the jeepney.
✓This iconic public utility vehicle was built using the military jeeps
left by the Americans after World War II.