BASIC CONCEPTS IN

STATISTICS
STATISTICS

It is a collection of methods for planning

experiments, obtaining data, and then
analyzing, interpreting and drawing
conclusions based on the data.
TYPES OF STATISTICS
1.) DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
- summarizes or describes the important characteristics of a known set of data

2.) INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

- uses sample data to make inferences about a population
- it consists of generalizing from samples to population, performing hypothesis
testing, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions
- this kind of statistics uses concept of probability (the chance of an event to
happen)
Indicate whether each of the following statements is a descriptive or inferential
statistics.

1.) Last semester, the ages of students at a certain college ranged from 16 to 25 years
old.

2.) Based on the survey conducted by Philippine Statistics Authority, it is estimated

that 24% of unemployed people are women.

3.) A survey says that 1 out of 10 Filipinos is a member of a fitness center.

4.) Cigarettes were associated with 31% of the 4,700 civilian fire deaths in 2000.

5.) A recent study showed that eating garlic can lower blood pressure.
BASIC TERMS IN STATISTICS
• DATA are the values that the variables can
assume.
• A VARIABLE is a characteristics that is
observable or measurable in every unit of
universe
• POPULATION is the set of all possible values of
a variable
• SAMPLE is a subgroup of a population
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
• QUALITATIVE VARIABLE
- words or codes that represent a class or category
- express a categorical attribute
a.) gender
b.) religion
c.) marital status
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
• QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
- number that represent an amount or a count
- numerical data, sizes are meaningful and answer
questions such as “how many” or “how much”.
a.) height
b.) weight
c.) household size
d.) number of registered cars
Classify each variable as quantitative or qualitative. Write QL if it is
qualitative or QN if it is Quantitative.
1. The height of giraffe living in India
2. The religious affiliation of the people in the Philippines
3. Favorite movie
4. The daily intake of proteins
5. Nationality
6. The days absent from school
7. Marital status
8. The number of houses owned
9. The monthly phone bills
10. The number of students who fail their first statistics quiz
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES CLASSIFIES AS:

• DISCRETE VARIABLES
- data that can be counted
a.) number of days
b.) number of siblings
c.) usual number of text messages sent in day
d.) usual daily allowance in school
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES CLASSIFIES AS:

• CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
- it can assume all values between any two specific
values like 0.5, 1.2, etc. and data that can be measured
a.) weight
b.) height
c.) body temperature
Classify each variable as discrete or continuous.

1. The number of bread baked each day

2. The air temperature in a city yesterday
3. The income of single parents living in Quezon city
4. The weights of newborn infants
5. The capacity (in liters) of water in a swimming pool
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• NOMINAL LEVEL
- this is characterized by data that consists of
names, labels, or categories only.
a.) gender
b.) most preferred color
c.) usual sleeping time
d.) civil status
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• ORDINAL LEVEL
- this involves data that arranged in some order,
but differences bet ween data
a.) happiness index for the day
b.) highest educational attainment
c.) the ranking of tennis player
d.) Academic Excellence Awards
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• INTERVAL LEVEL
- this is the same in ordinal level, with an
additional property that we can determine
meaningful amounts of differences between the
data.
a.) body temperature
b.) Intelligence Quotient
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• RATIO LEVEL
- this is an interval level modified to include the
inherent zero starting point
- It possesses a meaningful absolute, fixed zero point
and allows all arithmetic operations
a.) number of siblings
b.) weight
c.) height
Classify each as nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio –
level data.

1. Social security number

2. The total annual incomes for a sample of families
3. The ages of students enrolled in a cooking class
4. The rankings of tennis players
5. The salaries of fast-food chain attendants
FOUR BASIC METHODS OF SAMPLING
• RANDOM SAMPLING this is done by using chance or random
numbers.
• SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING this is done by numbering each
subject of the population and then selecting nth number.
• STRATIFIED SAMPLING if a population has distinct groups, it
is possible to divide the population into these groups and to
draw SRS’s from each of the groups.
• CLUSTER SAMPLING this method uses intact groups called
clusters
Classify each sample as random, stratified, systematic, or cluster.

1. Every 12th customer entering a shopping mall is asked to select his

or her favorite store.
2. In a university, all teachers from three buildings are interviewed to
determined whether they believe the students have higher grades
now than in previous years.
3. Supervisors are selected using random numbers in order to
determine annual salaries.
4. A teacher writes the name of each student in a card, shuffles the
cards, and then draws five names.
5. A head nurse-selects 10 patients from each floor of a hospital.