Evolution

Homework
 Unit 3 Preparation:
 Textbook Page 290-293 #1-35
Watch the following clips as a introduction to Evolution

Evolution: from the Big Bang to Now

http://www.johnkyrk.com/evolution.html

Watch the following clips as a introduction to Evolution.

Don’t blink or you may miss many evolutionary ideas.
Watch it twice as it is that fast.
 The History of the World in 2 Minutes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V91HwYxxuAA
 Evolution: An Introduction *Pg. 70 WB

 Evolution: is the theory that all species on Earth are descendants of a

common ancestor. It is the accumulation of inherited changes within a
population over time.
 An alternative definition: Evolution is decent with modification.
 As evolutionary time progresses, new species arise through ‘gradual
divergence’, or separate evolutionary pathways.
 Descent with Modification from a common
ancestor.
 Over time and generations the traits providing
reproductive advantages become fore common within
the population.

 Divergent Evolution:
 Accumulation of differences between groups which can
lead to the formation of new species.
 When related species develop very different traits due to
different environments or natural selection.
 Is Evolution a Fact or Theory? BOTH!
 Fact: an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed.
 Theory: a well-substantiated explanation that
incorporates facts, laws, inferences and tested
hypotheses.
In science, you don’t get any better than a theory.
 A scientific fact may be defined as a theory that has been
repeatedly confirmed and never refuted.
 Evolution fits this description, but that does not mean that
new evidence couldn’t refine or disprove the theory.
Science is a progression, not a destination.
 Evolutionary theory is central to modern understanding of
life as we see it.
 *Pg. 71 WB

7.1: Adaptation and Variation

 Adaptations: are either a physical structure or a behaviour of an individual that
contributes to its survival for subsequent generations. Adaptations occur as a
result of environmental limits and/or changes that may affect the ability of an
individual to survive.
 Adaptations exist because they provide a biological advantage that improves
chance of survival.
 Structural Adaptation: special feature of an organism’s body.
 Physiological Adaptation: allow organisms to perform special functions.
 Behavioural Adaptation: behaviours that help an organism to survive.
 Some examples include:
 Camouflage –helps to avoid predation (stick insect). Helps organisms blend
into their surroundings and avoid predation. Structural
 Hibernation –survive harsh climates, reduces metabolic demand (ground
squirrel). Lower metabolism saves energy. Behavioural & Physiological
 Mimicry –disguise as a harmful species to avoid predation (viceroy butterfly
charades as a monarch butterfly). Structural
  The opposable thumb
is an adaptation that
only primates posses.
This hand belongs to
a lemur. They evolved
independently on
Madagascar. Did not
 The hummingbird's heart is give rise to monkeys
proportionally the largest of all birds or apes.
and beats at an astonishing average
of 650 beats per minute. Allowing for
unique flight. Example of structural
adaptation.
• Viceroy butterflies:  Monarch butterflies
although they are not consume milkweed,
toxic, predators avoid which makes the butterfly
them because they toxic to many predators.
mimic the colour and Bioaccumulation within
structure of the individuals.
monarch butterfly.
 Adaptations are the result of gradual, accumulative
changes that improve an organism’s ability to survive
and reproduce.
 Variations: can be structural, functional, or
physiological differences between individuals,
however not all variations become adaptations.
 It is environmental conditions/limits/stresses that
determine whether a particular variation is beneficial,
neutral, or hindering to the individual.
 If a variation is beneficial, that individual is more likely
to survive to produce offspring. Eventually, that
variation may become more frequent in the
population and become a characteristic or trait of that
population.
*Pg. 72 WB
 Environmental conditions change: droughts, floods, famines, disease,
human impact, habitat loss, rapid climate change, etc.
 A characteristic may not be beneficial now, however depending on future
environmental conditions, the trait may become vital for survival later.
 Ex: The English Peppered Moth.
 Peppered Moth
Case Study:
The English Peppered Moth

 Occur in 2 forms; mottled

(grey-white) and melanic
(black).
 In the 1800’s, black moths
were rare in England.
 1900, black moths were 95%
of population.
 Why?
 Case Study:
The English Peppered Moth
 Light coloured moths (lichen) were camouflaged on
trees making them difficult for prey to spot.
 Following the industrial revolution, air pollution
caused the trees to become darker.
 The environment now camouflaged dark moths.

 Example of how proportions of some inherited

characteristics in a population change in response
to changes in the environment,
NOTE: individual moths never changed!
Case Study: The English Peppered
Moth • Until the mid 19 th

century ~1850s.
• Flecked moths
camouflaged in
trees.
• Black moths easily
seen and preyed
upon.
• Changes occurred
over successive
generations but the
individual moths
did not change.
Case Study: The English Peppered
Moth • Industrial
Revolution: air
pollution from
factories killed lichen
and left soot on
trees.
• Therefore flecked
moths were easily
seen and preyed
upon and more
black moths
survived long
enough to
reproduce and pass
their genes along.
Peppered Moth Minor Lab Activity
 Complete the graph using the document
provided. Once you create it save it on your
computer and upload it as an attachment in the
assignment section.
 Use word or excel to create the graph. Further
explanation is in the assignment. There shouldn’t
be any pictures unless you do graph by hand.
Analysis questions should be on word document.
 Be mindful of plagiarism online and with peers as
it will result in a zero.
 *Pg. 72 WB
Variations exist within species:
 Ex: you and the people in your class are the
same species, yet you are all so different.
 This is because each individual is made of a
unique combination of genes therefore variation
occurs within not only the population, but also
the entire species.
 Genetic variation: in a population is due to the
variety of genes within each individual.
 Also, gene flow contributes to genetic
variation (a net movement of alleles from
one population to another due to migration
of individuals) –to be discussed later.

The only source of new genetic variation is mutation –a permanent

change in an individual’s DNA, providing new alleles in a species.
Mutations can be spontaneous like during DNA replication of S-phase in
mitosis, or may be due to environmental exposure to mutagens, ex: UV-
rays.
Ex: Your DNA has roughly 175 mutations compared to your parents’ DNA due to
mistakes during DNA replication. Some may form tumours, and some are benign…
some are even beneficial!
 Mutations occurring in somatic cells will not continue in the population.
 Mutations in the DNA of a gamete may be passed down to future
generations.
 Mutations are the starting point of genetic variation in populations.
 Mutations that are beneficial provide a ‘Selective Advantage’
depending on the changing environment, improving the chance of an
organism’s survival and reproduction.
 Ex. Daphnia (water flea) normally cannot withstand water
temperatures greater than 27°C. Some individuals with a mutation,
allows them to survive environments of 25°C– 30°C.
Bozeman: Natural Selection
(~10mins)
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6La6_kI
r9g
 Homework

 Textbook Page 299 # 2,5,6

 Textbook Page 302 # 1-4
 Textbook Page 303 #1,2
 Textbook Page 304 # 1,2,7,8,9,13
 Homework
 Study Guide 7.1 Worksheets
 Page S# 19-20 WB
Gizmo Online Lab: Natural &
Artificial Selection
 You are to compete the Gizmo lab online. Login remembering
username and password is upper and lower case sensitive.
 Once you are in the appropriate Gizmo download the Word document
of Natural & Artificial Selection. You can write on this document. Save
it on your computer and upload this attachment in the appropriate
assignment section.
 After the Gizmo is completed there are 5 Assessment Questions to
complete just below. If you click on an answer it will start a 5 minute
timer you cannot see. So read questions first before clicking on
answer. Then once complete click “Check Answer” and it will submit
you 5 questions to me.
 Be mindful of plagiarism online and with peers as it will result in a
zero.
 If you do not have wifi or a computer complete Page S# 57-60 WB.
 *Pg. 73 WB

Rapid Reproduction and Selective

Advantage ex: Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
 Certain species reproduce quickly -such as bacteria:
who can double their population in 10 minutes!
 If a random mutation occurs in this type of
population that provides a selective advantage, this
single mutation may carry on within the population,
eventually changing the entire population altogether!
 In time, the gene with the selective advantage (the
mutation) becomes more and more prevalent in the
population.
 These changes may determine the survival of the
entire population, and affect the ability of a
population to adapt to a changing environment.
 *Pg.73 WB
Ex: Staphylococcus aureus bacteria
 Staphylococcus bacteria can reproduce
every 30 minutes. Because of this high
rate of reproduction, adaptation to changes
in the environment occur regularly.
 When doctors treat bacteria with antibiotics
(ex: penicillin and tetracycline) some
individuals with a mutation resistant to the
antibiotic survives. Eventually, after several
generations, only the individuals who pass
on this mutation survive, altering the
population.
 Over time, the staph population changes
its ability to resist certain antibiotics.
 Staphylococcus aureus bacteria
cont’d
 Is a common bacteria which is found on skin or in nose of
individuals. Can cause minor skin infections and serious
blood infections that can be life-threatening. It can also
cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, food poisoning and
bone infections.
 Reproduces asexually (binary fission).
 Can lead to antibiotic resistance in a population as only
bacteria with the gene mutation (making them resistant to
the antibiotics) go on to reproduce.
 Some Staphylococcus infections no longer respond to
common antibiotics.
 Adaptation Activity
 Shown here are two members of two different populations of
frog that live in a pond environment. Members of population
A vary in size. They are either large or small as shown.
Members of population B do not vary in size. They are all
exactly the same size.

Members of Population A: Members of Population B:

A new species of heron moves to the
pond environment. These herons are able
to use their beaks to turn over rocks that
the frogs hide under. They are not able to
use their beaks to get deep enough into
rock crevices where small frogs can hide.
1. What would you expect to happen to the frogs in
Population A over time?
2. What would you expect to happen to the frogs in
Population B over time?
3. Explain how variation in a population is a positive
factor for adaptation.
1. What would you expect to happen to the frogs in Population A
over time?
The population would be made up mostly of small frogs.
2. What would you expect to happen to the frogs in Population B
over time?
The population would go extinct in the pond, because none of the
large frogs would survive.
3. Explain how variation in a population is a positive factor for
adaptation.
Without variation, there will be no survivors if environmental
conditions change and don’t support current adaptations. Variations
allow adaptations to develop.
 *Pg. 74 WB
7.2: Natural Selection and Artificial
 Selection
Natural Selection: a process where characteristics of a population
change over several generations as certain organisms with heritable
traits survive and reproduce, passing their traits to offspring.
 Individuals within a population may survive if they have heritable

traits that give them a selective advantage, who then go on to

reproduce and pass on their advantageous traits to their offspring.

 Traits are only advantageous if they best suit their

current environment. For example; the peppered
moths… at one point it was an advantage to be
flecked as opposed to black. As the environment
changed, it became more advantageous to be flecked.

 Natural selection is only possible if there is variation

within the species. In this way, some individuals
may show an advantageous trait and others may
not.
Natural Selection Cont’d
 Natural selection is a concept first theorized by
Darwin.
 The adjustment of genes throughout
generations based on factors that help the
species survive.
 Ex. Peacock females pick their mates according to
tail. The ones with the largest are more attractive
and mate more often. Hence, it is rare to find a
male without bright feathers.
Selective Pressure
 Environmental conditions that select for certain
characteristics of individuals and select against other
characteristics.
 Selective pressures may be abiotic and biotic (predators,
parasites, competition for resources, etc).
 The environment exerts selective pressure on a
population.
 Ex: a boreal tree population has been naturally selected to
reproduce trees that can withstand the pressure of limited
sunlight. Trees that can survive in the shade will pass on this
favourable gene to their offspring. Over several generations,
the allele for shade-growing trees will increase in the
population, changing the overall characteristic of the
population (natural selection). If however, there was a
sudden increase in light levels, the shade-growing gene is no
longer an advantage and the population may suffer. Those
who can withstand high light levels, may survive.
 Natural Selection is
 Natural selection is never intentional and cannot anticipate
Situational
environmental change.
 At certain times, a characteristic may be benign/neutral to the
survival of an individual, however when the environment changes,
that same characteristic may become crucial to the individual’s
survival.
 Over time, advantageous traits are passed on to the next generation
ultimately changing the frequency of the alleles in the population to
best suit the current environmental conditions.
 Fitness: the relative contribution an individual makes to the next
generation by producing offspring that will survive long enough to
reproduce. Survival of the fittest!
 The more fit an individual is, the more likely it will pass on it’s traits
to the next generation.
 Fitness is also described as the number of viable offspring with high

fitness (relative to the typical number of offspring for that particular

species.
 Natural Selection is Situational Con’t
 Fitness: played an important rile in forming
Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural
selection (Darwin’s voyage 1830’s).
 Galapagos Island:
 Adaptations make birds more fit to survive

due to environmental conditions.

 Short-beaked and long-beaked finches.

 Long-beaks helped them conserve more

water during droughts. More long-beaked

went on to reproduce and eventually
decimating the short-beaked population.
 *Pg. 75 WB
Artificial Selection
 Artificial Selection: selective pressure exerted by humans on
populations in order to improve or modify particular desirable
traits.
 Ex: selective breeding of pets or farm animals.
 Biotechnology: the use of technology and organisms to produce
useful products.
 Ex: selective breeding of pets, crops, livestock.
 Ex: food we eat (grains, fruit, meat, milk come from species that have
been selectively bred). Chickens bred to produce large numbers of eggs.
Artificial Selection and Food Crops
 Agricultural crops are selectively bred for different
characteristics, ex: drought resistance, pest-
resistance, etc.
 Crops: rice, corn, wheat, vegetables are all a result
of selective breeding.
 Ex: the wild mustard plant (Brassica oleracea) has
been modified to produce broccoli, cauliflower,
Brussels sprouts, etc.  Food crops are selectively bred

to increase nutritional value and

harvest yield.
 However, farmers must ensure
that selective breeding must be
balanced to maintain genetic
variation within the crops so that
they are able to survive
environmental changes.
 *Pg. 76 WB
Consequences of Artificial Selection
 Ex: Bulldogs: selected for flat faces, however many
suffer from respiratory problems.
 German Shepherds suffer from hip dysplasia
(arthritis).
A monoculture: is when there are
extensive plantings of the same
varieties of a species over large
expanses of land. Ex. One crop-
wheat.
This is the fastest, cheapest, and
easiest way to produce a high yield
of food…unfortunately this leaves
crops vulnerable to disease or
sudden environmental changes. If
the entire population is the same,
than infection or flooding may
destroy the entire crop.
Bozeman: Example of Natural
Selection Video (~9 mins)
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7EhExh
XOPQ
 Homework

 Study Guide 7.2 Worksheets

 Page S# 21-23 WB
Gizmo Online Lab: Mutation and
Selection
 You are to compete the Gizmo lab online. Login remembering
username and password is upper and lower case sensitive.
 Once you are in the appropriate Gizmo download the Word
document of Mutation and Selection. You can write on this
document. Save it on your computer and upload this attachment in
the appropriate assignment section.
 After the Gizmo is completed there are 5 Assessment Questions to
complete just below. If you click on an answer it will start a 5
minute timer you cannot see. So read questions first before
clicking on answer. Then once complete click “Check Answer” and
it will submit you 5 questions to me.
 Be mindful of plagiarism online and with peers as it will result in a
zero.
 If you do not have wifi or a computer complete Page 77-80 WB
Homework

 Textbook Page 307 # 7,9,12

 Textbook Page 311 #2,4,7,10,13

 Chapter 7 Review: Page 319 # 1-12,17-19, 32

Textbook
 Chapter 7 Self-Assessment: Page 322 #1-10,
11-17 Textbook