INTRODUCTION TO SOCIETY,

COMMUNITY AND EDUCATION

(Defining Basic Concepts)

Prepared by: ELTHON JAKE C. BUHAY

DOrSU Part-time Instructor
 SOCIETY
A group of individuals
involved in persistent
social interaction, or a
large social group sharing
the same spatial or social
territory, typically subject
to the same political
authority and dominant
cultural expectations.
 SOCIETY
Societies are characterized by
patterns of relationships (social
relations) between individuals
who share a distinctive culture
and institutions; a given society
may be described as the sum
total of such relationships
among its constituent of
members.
TYPES OF SOCIETY
1. HUNTING & GATHERING
SOCIETIES
• The members of hunting
and gathering
societies primarily survive
by hunting animals, fishing,
and gathering plants. The
vast majority of these
societies existed in the past,
with only a few (perhaps a
million people total) living
today on the verge of
extinction.
 2. PASTORAL
SOCIETIES
• Members of pastoral societies,
which first emerged 12,000 years
ago, pasture animals for food and
transportation. Pastoral societies
still exist today, primarily in the
desert lands of North Africa
where horticulture and
manufacturing are not possible.
• Domesticating animals allows for
a more manageable food supply
than do hunting and gathering.
3. HORICULTURAL
SOCIETIES
• Unlike pastoral societies
that rely on domesticating
animals, horticultural
societies rely on cultivating
fruits, vegetables, and
plants. These societies first
appeared in different parts
of the planet about the
same time as pastoral
societies.
 4. AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETIES
• Agricultural societies use
technological advances to
cultivate crops especially
grains like wheat, rice,
corn, and barley over a
large area.
• Greater degrees of social
stratification appeared in
agricultural societies.
 5. FEUDAL
SOCIETIES
• From the 9th to 15th centuries,
feudalism was a form of society
based on ownership of land.
Unlike today's farmers, vassals
under feudalism were bound to
cultivating their lord's land.
• In exchange for military
protection, the lords exploited
the peasants into providing food,
crops, crafts, homage, and other
services to the owner of the land.
 6. INDUSTRIAL
SOCIETIES
• Industrial societies are based on
using machines (particularly
fuel‐driven ones) to produce
goods. Sociologists refer to the
period during the 18th century
when the production of goods
in mechanized factories began
as the Industrial Revolution. The
Industrial Revolution appeared
first in Britain, and then quickly
spread to the rest of the world.
COMMUNITY A community is a social unit (a
group of living things) with
commonality such as norms,
religion, values, customs, or
identity. Communities may share
a sense of place situated in a
given geographical area (e.g. a
country, village, town, or
neighborhood) or in virtual space
through communication
platforms.
 Different types of communities
COMMUNITY DEFINITION

Communities of people who share the same

INTEREST interest or passion.
Communities of people trying to bring
ACTION
about change.
Communities of people brought together
PLACE by geographic boundaries.
Communities of people in the same
PRACTICE profession or undertake the same activities.
CIRCUMSTA Communities of people brought together
NCE by external events/situations.
 EDUCATION
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the
acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and
habits. Educational methods include teaching,
training, storytelling, discussion and directed research.
 EDUCATION

Education
frequently takes
place under the
guidance of
educators,
however learners
can also educate
themselves.
 EDUCATION
Education can take place in formal or informal
settings and any experience that has a formative
effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be
considered educational. The methodology of
teaching is called pedagogy.
Formal education is commonly divided formally into
such stages as preschool or kindergarten, primary
school, secondary school and then college,
university, or apprenticeship.
SOCIAL
INTERACTION
A social interaction or
social relation is the way
people talk and act with
each other. It may include
interactions in a team,
family or bureaucracy. It
includes any relationship
between two or more
individuals. It is a source of
socialization and it
characterizes all types of
social relationships.
TYPES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION
An exchange is when you do something to get something in
EXCHANGE return or for a reward.
Reciprocity is the basis of every exchange.

Occurs when two or more people or groups oppose each

COMPETITION other to achieve the goal.

Conflict is the deliberate attempt to control a person by force

CONFLICT to oppose someone or to harm another person.
The main emphasis of conflict is to defeat the opponent.
Occurs when two or more people or groups work together to
COOPERATION achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person.
Cooperation is a social process that gets things done.

ACCOMMODATION Is a state of balance between cooperation and conflict.

 4 Forms of Accommodation

COMPROMISE A compromise occurs when two parties both give up

something to come to a mutual agreement.

A truce brings a halt to the conflict until a compromise can

TRUCE be reached.

Mediation happens to involve calling a third party who acts

MEDIATION as an adviser or counselor to help solve the argument.

Arbitration is when a third party makes a decision that is

ARBITRATION binding on both parties.
 CULTURE
Culture is an umbrella
term which encompasses
the social behavior and
norms found in human
societies, as well as the
knowledge, beliefs, arts,
laws, customs,
capabilities and habits of
the individuals in these
groups
 Types of Culture
MATERIAL CULTURE
Material culture is physical
things that are created by a
society.
Material culture does not
only mean that it is an object
that is bought and sold; it can
also be something we all
make.
NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
The intangible things
produced by a culture. In other
words, the parts of culture you
cannot touch, feel, taste, or
hold. Common examples
include social roles, ethics,
beliefs, or even language.
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
 VALUES
• Values are a culture’s
standard for
discerning what is
good and just in
society.
• Values are deeply
embedded and critical
for transmitting and
teaching a culture’s
beliefs. 
 BELIEFS

• Beliefs are the tenets

or convictions that
people hold to be
true. Individuals in a
society have specific
beliefs, but they also
share collective
values.
 NORMS- norms define how to behave in accordance with
what a society has defined as good, right, and important, and
most members of the society adhere to them.
FORMAL NORMS/MORES INFORMAL NORMS
• Formal norms are • Informal norms are casual
established, written rules. behaviors that are generally and
They are behaviors worked widely conformed to
out and agreed upon in (observation, imitation, general
order to suit and serve the socialization).
most people.
 CLASSIFICATION OF NORMS
MORES FOLKWAYS
Norms that embody the Folkways are norms without
moral views and any moral underpinnings.
principles of a group. Rather, folkways direct
Violating them can have appropriate behavior in the
serious consequences. day-to-day practices and
expressions of a culture. They
The strongest mores are
indicate whether to shake
legally protected with
hands or kiss on the cheek
laws or other formal when greeting another person.
norms.
 SYMBOLS
• They provide clues to
understanding
experiences by
conveying recognizable
meanings that are
shared by societies.
• Symbols—such as
gestures, signs, objects,
signals, and words—
help people understand
that world.
 LANGUAGE
• Language is constantly
evolving as societies create
new ideas. In this age of
technology, people have
adapted almost instantly to
new nouns such as “e-mail”
and “Internet,” and verbs
such as “downloading,”
“texting,” and “blogging.”
Twenty years ago, the
general public would have
considered these nonsense
words.
Thank you. 