DEVELOPMENT STAGES

IN MIDDLE AND LATE

ADOLESCENCE
In THIS CHAPTER, We'll be able to discuss
about:
 Adolescence – Between Childhood and Adulthood
 Erickson's Eight Stages of Personality Development
 Adolescence : Identity vs. Role Confusion
 Changes During Adolescence
 Adolescence and Social Behavior
  Skills and Tasks Appropriate for Middle and Late
Adolescence
"ADOLESCENCE "
 ADOLESCENCE
 Adolescence is the transition period between
childhood and early adulthood (age ranges
between 11 or 12 to 18 years old.)
 The period of life when a child develops into a
adult.
 Adolescence is one of the most rapid phase of
human development.
 Adolescence
 Adolescence is a period of life with specific
health and developmental needs and rights. It is
also a time to develop knowledge and skills,
learn to manage emotions and relationships, and
acquire attributes and abilities that will be
important for enjoying the adolescent years and
assuming adult roles.
IS ADOLESCENCE
DIFFERENT FROM
PUBERTY?
LET’S FIND OUT!
PUBERTY VS. ADOLESCENCE
PUBERTY
 Puberty is the process of
physical changes by which
adolescents reach sexual
maturity.
 Ex: Girls having the
capacity of reproduction.
 Puberty refers to the bodily
changes.
ADOLESCENC
E
 Adolescence is the period
of psychological and social
transition between childhood
and adulthood.
 Adolescence is period of
mental and emotional changes
which boys and girls
experience while going sexual
maturity
ADOLESCENCE – BETWEEN
CHILDHOOD AND
ADULTHOOD
 ADOLESCENTS SUCH AS US EXPERIENCE A
CHANGE IN OUR PHYSICAL BODY OVER THE
COURSE OF YEARS. THESE CHANGES
INCLUDES THE GROWTH OF HAIR IN THE
ARMPIT  AND THE PUBLIC AREAS, THE
INCREASE IN HEIGHT, FOR THE MALES, THE
DEEPENING OF THE VOICE. FOR THE GIRLS,
THE START OF THEIR MENSTRUATION PERIOD
AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR BREASTS.
ASIDE FROM THE PHYSICAL CHANGES, WE, AS
ADOLESCENTS, HAVE DEVELOP FEELINGS AND
DESIRES TOO. 

 FOR INSTANCE, THE FEELING OF SADNESS

BECAUSE YOU REALIZED THAT YOU ARE NO
LONGER A CHILD, THE FEELING OF
EXCITEMENT BECAUSE SUDDENLY, YOU
HAVE A STRONG NEEDS AND DESIRES TO BE
WITH PEOPLE AT YOUR AGE, MAKING
FRIENDS AND HAVING FUN WITHOUT YOUR
FAMILY.
THESE CHANGES MARK THE ONSET OF
PUBERTY, AND THE BEGINNING OF THE
ADOLESCENT STAGE OF HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
 AS ADOLESCENTS DEVELOP
PHYSICALLY, THEY ALSO
DEVELOP COGNITIVELY,
PSYCHOLOGICALLY, SOCIALLY
AND SPIRITUALLY
THE AGES DURING ADOLESCENCE MAY BE BRACKETED AS
FOLLOWS
 EARLY ADOLESCENCE – AGES AROUND 10 TO 13 
 MIDDLE ADOLESCENCE – AGES FROM 14 TO 16
 LATE ADOLESCENCE – AGES FROM 17 TO 20

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGISTS DIFFERS SLIGHTLY WITH THEIR

AGE DEFINITIONS OF ADOLESCENCE. FEIST AND ROSENBERG
PEGGED EARLY ADOLESCENCE AT 11 OR 12, AND LATE
ADOLESCENCE AT ABOUT AGE 18
HENCE, IN AMERICA, A CHILD IS USUALLY
"OUT OF THE HOUSE" AT THE AGE OF 18
BECAUSE THIS IS THE AGE ON HOW THEY
DEFINE YOUNG ADULTHOOD. THIS AGE
DEFINITION OF ADOLESCENCE IS NOT A "CUT –
AND – DRIED RULE" AS SOME PERSONS
MATURE ALREADY OF OTHERS, OR SOME
EXPERIENCE DELAYED MATURITY DUE TO
MANY FACTORS LIKE GENETICS,
ENVIRONMENT, OR EVEN ECONOMIC
CONDITIONS.
Erickson's eight stages of
personality development
Erickson's Eight Stages of Personality
Development
 ERICK ERICKSON'S EIGHT STAGES OF
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT DEFINE
EACH STAGE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
WITH A CRISIS OR A CONFLICT. EACH
CRISIS OR CONFLICT EITHER GETS
RESOLVED OR MAY BE LEFT UNRESOLVED;
RESULTING IN FAVORABLE OR
UNFAVORABLE OUTCOMES 
TRUST VS. MISTRUST
 THIS STAGE BEGINS AT BIRTH AND LAST
THROUGH ONE YEAR OF AGE.
 THE INFANT DEVELOPS A SENSE OF TRUST
WHEN INTERACTIONS PROVIDE
RELIABILITY, CARE, AND AFFECTION.
 A LACK OF THIS WILL LEAD TO MISTRUST.
 AUTONOMY vs. SHAME AND
DOUBT
 THIS STAGE OCCURS BETWEEN THE AGES OF 18 MONTHS TO
APPROXIMATELY TWO TO THREE YEARS.
 THE INFANT DEVELOPS A SENSE OF PERSONAL CONTROL
OVER PHYSICAL SKILLS  AND A SENSE OF INDEPENDENCE.
 ERICKSON STATES IT IS CRITICAL THAT PARENTS ALLOW THEIR
CHILDREN TO EXPLORE THE LIMITS OF THEIR ABILITIES
WITHIN AN ENCOURAGING ENVIRONMENT WHICH IS
TOLERANT OF FAILURE.
 SUCCESS LEADS TO FEELINGS OF AUTONOMY, FAILURE
RESULTS IN SHAME AND DOUBT.
 INITIATIVE VS. GUILT 
 THIS STAGE OCCURS DURING THE PRESCHOOL YEARS,
BETWEEN THE AGES OF THREE AND FIVE.
 THE CHILD BEGINS TO ASSERT CONTROL AND POWER
OVER THEIR ENVIRONMENT BY PLANNING ACTIVITIES,
ACCOMPLISHING TASKS AND FACING CHALLENGES.
SUCCESS AT THIS STAGE LEADS TO A SENSE OF PURPOSE.
 IF INITIATIVE IS DISMISSED OR DISCOURAGES, EITHER
THROUGH CRITICISM OR CONTROL, A CHILD DEVELOPS A
SENSE OF GUILT.
 INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY

 THIS STAGE OCCURS DURING CHILDHOOD BETWEEN

THE AGES OF FIVE AND TWELVE.
 IT IS AT THIS STAGE THAT THE CHILD'S PEER GROUP
WILL GAIN SIGNIFICANCE AND BECOME A MAJOR
SOURCE OF THE CHILD'S SELF – ESTEEM. THE CHILD
IS COPING WITH NEW LEARNING AND SOCIAL
DEMANDS.
 SUCCESS LEADS TO A SENSE OF COMPETENCE, WHILE
FAILURE RESULTS IN FEELING OF INFERIORITY.
 Identity vs. Role confusion
 THIS STAGE OCCURS DURING ADOLESCENCE, FROM
ABOUT 12 – 18 YEARS.
 TEENAGERS EXPLORE WHO THEY ARE AS
INDIVIDUALS, AND SEEK TO ESTABLISH A SENSE OF
SELF, AND MAY EXPERIMENT WITH DIFFERENT ROLES,
ACTIVITIES, AND BEHAVIORS.
 ACCORDING TO ERICKSON, THIS IS IMPORTANT TO THE
PROCESS OF FORMING A STRONG IDENTITY AND
DEVELOPING A SENSE OF DIRECTION IN LIFE.
INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION
 THIS STAGE TAKES PLACE DURING YOUNG
ADULTHOOD BETWEEN THE AGES OF
APPROXIMATELY 19 AND 40.
 DURING THIS PERIOD, THE MAJOR CONFLICT
CENTERS ON FORMING INTIMATE, LOVING
RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER PEOPLE.
 SUCCESS LEADS TO STRONG RELATIONSHIP, WHILE
FAILURE RESULTS IN LONELINESS AND ISOLATION
GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION
 THIS STAGE TAKES PLACE DURING MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
BETWEEN THE AGES OF APPROXIMATELY 40 AND 65.
 PEOPLE EXPERIENCE A NEED TO CREATE OR NURTURE
THINGS THAT WILL OUTLAST THEM, OFTEN HAVING
MENTEES OR CREATING POSITIVE CHANGES THAT
WILL BENEFIT OTHER PEOPLE.
 SUCCESS LEADS TO FEELING OF USEFULNESS AND
ACCOMPLISHMENT, WHILE FAILURE RESULTS IN
SHALLOW INVOLVEMENT IN THE WORLD
EGO INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR

 THIS STAGE TAKES PLACE AFTER AGE 65 AND

INVOLVES REFLECTING ON ONE'S LIFE AND
EITHER MOVING INTO FEELING SATISFIED OR
HAPPY WITH ONE'S LIFE OR FEELING A DEEP
SENSE OF REGRET.
 SUCCESS AT THIS STAGE LEADS TO FEELING
OF WISDOM, WHILE FAILURE RESULTS IN
REGRET, BITTERNESS, AND DESPAIR.
ADOLESCENCE: IDENTITY
VS. ROLE CONFUSION
 IDENTITY
 IDENTITY IS THE CONCEPT OF AN INDIVIDUAL
ABOUT HIMSELF AND IS OFTEN REFERRED TO
AS "SELF – IDENTITY", MOLDED THROUGH
VARIOUS INTERACTIVE EXPERIENCES
AROUND HIMSELF, SUCH AS THEIR FAMILY AND
COMMUNITY, AND HIS RESPONSES IN TERMS OF
THINKING, ATTITUDE, AND BEHAVIOR TO
EXTERNAL STIMULI.
 Role Confusion
 ROLE CONFUSION IS THE NEGATION OF SELF
IDENTITY, IN A SENSE THAT THERE IS A
CONFUSION OVER ONE'S SELF – CONCEPT OR
THE ABSENCE OR LACK OF SUCH A CONCEPT.
ROLE CONFUSION AFFECTS THE INDIVIDUAL'S
RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHERS; BECAUSE THERE
IS NO CLEAR DEFINITION OF WHAT HE IS AND
HOW HE RELATES TO OTHERS.
CHANGES DURING
ADOLESCENCE
 THE ADOLESCENT'S PHYSIOLOGICAL
TRANSITIONING IS VERY PRONOUNCED AT THIS
STAGE. PUBERTY KICKS IN AND IS FUELED BY THE
HORMONAL CHANGES THAT ARE OCCURRING AND
PUSHING THE ADOLESCENT TOWARD SEXUAL
MATURATION
 AT THIS STAGE, THE BRAIN ALSO CONTINUES TO
DEVELOP. COGNITIVE GROWTH AMONG
ADOLESCENTS IS USUALLY MARKED BY THE WAY
THEY ARE ABLE TO COMPREHEND ABSTRACT
CONCEPTS SUCH AS FREEDOM AND HUMAN RIGHTS
 THEIR BELIEFS ABOUT MORALITY, RELIGION,
AND POLITICS ARE ALSO STARTING TO
EVOLVE. THIS IS THE STAGE WHEN YOUNG
MEN AND WOMEN BEGIN TO ASK QUESTIONS
ABOUT THE STATUS QUO, ABOUT THE WAY
THINGS HAPPEN, AND USUALLY COUNTER
QUESTIONS OR SITUATIONS WITH A
CHALLENGING QUESTION OF "WHY NOT?"
 IDEALISM
 IDEALISM IS VERY PROMINENT AMONG
ADOLESCENTS, AND SO IS THEIR INCLINATION
TOWARD BECOMING VERY SELF – CONSCIOUS AND
EGOCENTRIC. RECKLESS BEHAVIOR OF
ADOLESCENTS ARE SOMETIMES ATTRIBUTED TO
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR BRAINS SINCE THEIR
ABILITY TO MAKE PLANS AND SEE THE
CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ACTIONS ARE NOT YET
FULLY DEVELOPED UNLIKE IN ADULTS.
 EXPERIMENTATION

 EXPERIMENTATION IS A COMMON ACTIVITY

AMONG ADOLESCENTS AS THEY SEARCH FOR
THEIR IDENTITY. THEY WANT TO BE TREATED AS
ADULTS, AND THEY SEE ADULTS BEHAVIOR AS
SOMETHING TO EMULATE. UNFORTUNATELY, THEY
ALSO MIMIC NEGATIVE BEHAVIORS LIKE SMOKING
AND DRINKING, WHICH ARE PERCEIVED AS MARKS
OF MANHOOD IN SOME CULTURES LIKE OURS.
 FASHION
 DIFFERENT CLOTHING AND FASHION STYLE
ARE OFTEN THE MOST OBVIOUS WAYS USED
BY ADOLESCENTS IN EXPRESSING THEIR
INDEPENDENCE AND IN ASSERTING THEIR
UNIQUE SELVES. THEY ALSO SEARCH FOR
SOCIAL GROUPS WITH WHOM THEY FIND
COMMON INTERESTS TO FURTHER VALIDATE
THEIR CHOSEN IDENTITY
 SOCIAL MEDIA
 IN THIS DIGITAL ERA, ONLINE FRIENDSHIP
ABOUND, THANKS TO SOCIAL NETWORKING
SITES SUCH AS FACEBOOK, INSTAGRAM, AND
TWITTER. ONLINE GAMES ARE ALSO POPULAR
AMONG ADOLESCENTS, PARTLY DUE TO THE
SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE GAME AND THE
NEED TO DEVELOP ABSTRACT REASONING
THAT IS BUILT IN THE GAME.
 SEXUAL EXPERIMENTATION
 SEXUAL EXPERIMENTATION ALSO HAPPENS
IN THIS STAGE. HOWEVER, DUE TO THEIR
UNDERDEVELOPED COGNITIVE AND
AFFECTIVE CAPABILITIES AND EDUCATION
OF THE MATTER, THIS EXPERIMENTATION
SOMETIMES END UP IN A DISASTER, SUCH AS
TEEN PREGNANCIES AND SEXUAL DISEASES.
Adolescence and social
behavior
Every culture has a representation of
how their adolescent population
behaved over the decades.
For example, in the USA, the term "teenage rebellion"
was popularized in the 1950's with the beatnik movement
at it's forefront. Popular rebel teen star such as James
dean and writer Jack Kerouac became the icons of that
era.
Local teenagers copied their American counterparts. It was
the era of the "lo – waist gang", where actors wore tight
fitting jeans and pompadour hairstyles slopped with pomade
In the 1960's and 1970's, it was the hippie movement and flower power that
became the trademark of the generation of adolescents and young adults.
The use of psychedelic drugs and other hypnotic substance were popular;
thus, supporting the theories about adolescence and the experimentation that
they were going through.
 Social issues also became the popular themes of this era,
with the anti – war movement against the war in Vietnam

 The gathering at Woodstock in upstate New York where

hippies got together for three days amidst music, drugs,
and sex, also became one of the enduring symbols that
immortalized this generation
On the local scene, social and political
activists. Mostly high school and college
students, were in the midst of the political
turmoil that dominated the Philippines
before and during martial law
While there were activist students
marching across around the streets of
manila, other young Filipinos went up to
the hills of Antipolo, Rizal to hold their
own version of Woodstock, dubbed as the
Antipolo rock festival held in 1970.
Towards the new millennium, the new adolescents who were born from
the 1980's to about the early 2000's became known as
"millennials." This generation was born in the midst of a great
technology boom; hence, they were also referred to as "digital
natives" versus the previous generation who were referred to as "digital
immigrants," having migrated from non – digital to digital technology
The social lives of the millennials are driven by
technology and their social interactions are
dictated by their use of social networks, mobile
phones, and other gadgets.
There is a interesting social phenomenon that has
taken over the world today and it is called the
"selfie" phenomenon.
People penchant to take their solo pictures or in a setting with
interesting backgrounds, and uploading these to their social
networking sites is definitely creating an impact on the way young
people see themselves. The development of the adolescent's
identity today is being influenced and molded by technology.
Skills and tasks appropriate for
middle and late adolescence 
According to a book named "child and
adolescent development", it identified
similar developmental tasks a Filipino
adolescent needs to learn. These are:
DEVELOPING OCCUPATIONAL
SKILLS
 Skills that can help the adolescent
develop responsibility as a preparation
for gainful employment ahead.
 SELF – RELIANCE
 The ability to identify their own skills and
knowledge, capabilities, and resources to
engage in meaningful activities and not rely
too much on others
ABILITY TO MANAGE THEIR FINANCES

 Be able to discern what is the difference between

"wants" and "needs", and be able to learn self –
control when handling their finances. As early as
possible, the adolescent should learn financial
literacy through various means available to them
 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

 Adolescents should be able to see beyond

themselves, take into consideration the greater
community around them, and see their role in
improving and developing these communities,
serving as change agents
 Mature Work Orientation
 Develop pride in what they do and
raise standards of excellence in the
quality of their work .
 Personal Responsibility
 To be fully responsible for their own
decisions and by owning them.
 Refrain from putting blame on others for
the results of their decisions and actions.
 Positive attitude toward work

 “Work is Love made Visible” – The Prophet by

Kahlil Gibran (Lebanese Poet)
 Developing a healthy and positive attitude toward
work means that we see work as an expression of
our love for people who are important to us,
including ourselves.
Here is an additional list of
developmental tasks and skills a
Filipino adolescent should acquire:
Being Courageous in standing up and being
different from your friends
 The adolescent needs to feel he or she belongs to a group.
 Belonging to a group does not necessarily mean losing one’s
identify and being guided by “mob rule”, or what majority
does.
 Being courageous means learning to say “NO” to what one
thinks is going against his or her belief.
 Developing Self-Esteem
 Learn to understand, accept, and appreciate
oneself as a unique person.
 Avoiding comparisons between you and other
people is also a healthy way to develop self-
esteem.
 Being true to yourself and avoiding the
tendency to please others.
 Adolescents find it difficult to assert their individuality
or uniqueness because they are afraid others will not
approve or like them, or will not allow them to
become a member of a group.
 Conformity often occurs during this stage of
development
Continuation.

 By developing one’s self-esteem, the

need for approval from others
become less.
Learning how media and advertising are trying to
influence your thinking and feelings

 Understand that news is reported for a reason,

usually to serve the purpose of someone or
some organization.
 Understand that advertising employed to sell
consumer products work on either fear or
desires.
Becoming aware, critical and being involved
with social issues.
 Ask questions and speak up whenever possible
to address social issues such as poverty and
corruption.
 Let our leaders know how you think and feel
about our society and learn to suggest solutions
in improving our lives.
 Embracing a Healthy Lifestyle

 Becoming aware of your health and the

food you eat, and engaging in sports and
other physical activities beneficial to
your well-being.
 Learn to relax.
 Developing your Spirituality

 Finding what gives meaning to your life

and to all experiences you are going
through