Hello Students!

Welcome to
Basic Electronics
class!

Basic Electronics, Dr. Geetanjali 1

• Course Name : Basic Electronics
• Session : 2022-2023
• Course Code : EC22001
• Semester/Batch : 1st/2022
• L-T-P (Per Week) : 4-0-2
• Course Credits : 5
• Course Coordinator : Dr. Geetanjali

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Scope & Objectives of the Course:

• To comprehend the principles of basic electronics for

engineering undergraduates.
• To understand the characteristics of semiconductor devices
such as diodes, transistors and operation of circuits such as
rectifier, voltage regulator and amplifiers.
• To implement simple Boolean expressions using logic gates.

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The main objectives of the course are:

• Understand the basic concepts of semiconductor diodes and transistors

and their applications in electronic circuits.
• Differentiate between V-I characteristics of forward and reverse biased
PN junctions and their implementation in engineering disciplines.
• Understand the basic building block of digital electronics and its
applications.

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 Course Learning Outcome:

• CLO1: To understand the basics of electronics elements, their

functionality and applications and to perceive the concept of analog and
digital electronics.
• CLO2: To analyse the characteristics of various types of diodes and
transistors to describe the operation of related circuits for evolving
engineering solutions.
• CLO3: To apply fundamental principles of electronics together with
analytic tools to evaluate and describe physical situations appropriate to
address a scientific problem.
• CLO4: To possess an ability to explore physical systems by setting up
experiments, collecting and analyzing data, identifying sources of
uncertainty, and interpreting their results in terms of the fundamental
principles and concepts of electronics.

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 SYLLABUS

• Unit-1: Semiconductor Diodes and Applications

• Unit-2: Transistors and Applications

• Unit 3: Number Systems and Logic Gates

• Unit-4: Digital Circuits

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 Recommended Books

B1: Basic Electronics and Linear Circuits by N. N Bhargava, D.C Kulshreshtha,

S. C Gupta; McGraw Hill Publications, Second Edition, 2013.
B2: Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering by R. Muthusubramanian, S.
Sahlivahanan McGraw Hill, First Edition, 2010.
B3: Basic Electronics by D. P. Kothari, I. J. Nagrath, McGraw Hill, Second Edition,
2014.
B4: Solid State Electronic Devices by D. K. Bhattacharya, Rajnish Sharma, Oxford
University Press, Second Edition, 2013.
B5: Electronic Principles by Albert Malvino, David J. Bates, Mcgraw Hill Education,
Seventh Edition, 2007.

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 Unit-1: 
Semiconductor Diodes and Applications

• Introduction to Electronics, Familiarization with basic electronic components

and measuring instruments.
• Semiconductor Theory, Review of PN junction operation,  Forward and Reverse
V-I Characteristics of PN-Junction Diode.
• Use of Diodes in Rectifiers, Half Wave, Full Wave-Centre-tap and Bridge
Rectifier (Circuit diagram, Waveforms, RMS value, DC value and Peak value, PIV,
Ripple Factor, Efficiency).
• Zener diode and its application as Voltage Regulator,
• Special Purpose Diodes: Light Emitting Diode (LED), Photodiode.

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 Introduction to Electronics, 
Familiarization with basic electronic
components and measuring instruments.

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 List of experiments
Lab No. Experiment Virtual lab link

1 Familiarization with basic electronic components and Resistor:

measuring instruments. http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/be/exp1
/index.html
Capacitor:
http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/be/exp2
/index.html

2 Plot and analyze the forward and reverse characteristics of PN http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/be/exp5/in

junction Si / Ge diode and determine the knee voltage. dex.html

3 http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/be/exp10/i
Analyze Zener diode as voltage regulator and observe the output
ndex.html
voltage with variable input voltage and fixed load resistance for
zener diodes with different breakdown voltages.

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 List of experiments
Lab No. Experiment Virtual lab link

4 Oscilloscope:
http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/psac/newlabs2020/vlabiitkg
Study and observe the output waveform of half-wave and full pAE/exp1/oscilloscope_functng.html
wave rectifiers on CRO and calculate the average and rms Hwr: http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/be/exp6/index.html
values of output voltage. FWR:
http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/be/exp7/index.html

5 http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/be/exp11/index.html
Analyze the NPN / PNP transistors in common emitter
configuration and plot their input and output characteristics.

6 Analyze the truth tables of various basic digital gates and https://de-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/exp/truth-table-gates/simu
implement 2-input XOR and 2-input XNOR gate using basic lation.html
gates.
7 Monostable:
http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/psac/newlabs2020/vlabiitkg
Study the operation of astable, monostable multivibrators using pAE/exp3/index.html
IC-555 timer. Astable:
http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/psac/newlabs2020/vlabiitkg
pAE/exp4/index.html
8 Project using tinker cad

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Best videos of projects (Tinkercad) made by students (Batch
2021 during ONLINE MODE)

Project title Video Link Name of student

Blinking LED using 555 timer https://drive.google.com/drive/ Arzoo

folders/ Roll no. 2110990309
1SHBaUXVPJqTxh07YsiilhlsDI Group OG11
mYdsjfQ?usp=sharing

Piano using 555 timer https://drive.google.com/file/d/ Gautam Sharma,

1Ady_quM1i6O9JpJrtDqc_cZw Roll no. 2110990508
378WVe7-/view?usp=sharing Group OG12

BJT Common Emitter Amplifier https://drive.google.com/file/d/ BHAWANA YADAV

10be15zH6RD_F9avmcvC9Fje Roll no. 2110990367
c4PxGlrCR/view?usp=sharing Group OG11

Half wave rectifier https://drive.google.com/file/d/ Diksha

1lWZkd5sWHF- Roll no. 2110990446
vb9U9ZekDpwJ_qJzEi_9_/ Group OG12
view?usp=sharing

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Evaluation Scheme & Components:

Evaluation Type of Component No. of Assessments Weightage of Component

Component

40 marks
Lab evaluation
Component 1 02 (each lab evaluation carry 20
marks)

Component 2 Internal Viva – Voce 01 20%

Component 3 End Term Viva-Voce** 01 40%

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 Lab evaluation break up

Viva Voce Performance Practical File

Lab Evaluation Total (20 Marks)
(10 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks)

L1 student will draw

the circuit using
virtual lab and
explain the
circuit
L2 5 marks (project on
tinker cad)+5 marks
viva related to
experiments

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 Experiment 1
• AIM: Familiarization with basic electronic components and measuring
instruments.
Component:
• Resistor
• variable resistor
• transistor
• PN diode
• LED
• Ceramic capacitor
• Electrolytic Capacitor
• Multimeter

Pre test link for Exp1:

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdcOMVLJtMkNV_HqY3RWWNjR8I8X2ycQ83nky
DuU4bNS_OTJA/viewform?usp=sf_link

Copy and paste the link in new tab of internet browser to attempt the test

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 Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as
a circuit element.
Resistors reduce current flow and lower voltage levels within circuits.

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Basic Electronics, Dr. Geetanjali 17
Types of Resistors

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Reading value of Fixed Resistor

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Reading value of Resistor

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Reading Value:Step 1

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Reading Value:Step 2

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Reading Value :Step 3

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Reading Value : Step 4

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Reading Value : Step 5

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Tolerance

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Tolerance

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Mnemonic to Remember

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Find the color code for given resistors.

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 Variable Resistor
• A variable resistor is a type of resistor whose electrical resistance value
can be adjusted on demand. Variable resistors are used in an electronic
circuit to adjust circuit resistance as a means to control the voltage or
current within a circuit (as per Ohm’s Law).
• The electrical resistance is varied by sliding a wiper contact along a
resistance track. Sometimes the resistance is adjusted at preset value as
required at the time of circuit building by adjusting screw attached to it
and sometimes resistance can be adjusted as when required by
controlling knob connected to it.

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Variable Resistor

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 Capacitor
• A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component to store
electric energy in an electric field. The most common kinds of capacitors
are:
• Ceramic capacitors have a ceramic dielectric
• Film capacitors or plastic film capacitors are non-polarized capacitors
with an insulating plastic film as the dielectric.
• Electrolytic capacitors (e-caps) are polarized capacitors whose anode
electrode (+) are made of a special metal on which an insulating oxide
layer originates by anodization (forming), which acts as the dielectric of
the electrolytic capacitor.

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Types of Capacitor and how to read its
value

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 Polyester capacitor
• Film capacitors or plastic film capacitors are non-polarized capacitors with an
insulating plastic film as the dielectric. The plastic films used as the dielectric
are Polypropylene (PP), Polytetrafluoroethylene or Teflon (PTFE).

Basic Electronics, Dr. Geetanjali 34

 PN diode

• A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts

primarily in one direction ; it has low (ideally zero) resistance to the flow
of current in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the
other.

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 Transistor
• It is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals
and electrical power.

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 Multimeter
• It is one of the most versatile general-purpose instruments capable of
measuring dc and ac voltages as well as currents and resistances.

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Measuring Resistance using Multimeter
1. Select the range of resistance.
2. Place the leads of the Multimeter across the terminal of the unknown
resistance. Note down the values.

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 Measuring capacitance using
Multimeter
• Select capacitance option and place the leads of the multimeter across
the terminal of the unknown capacitance. Note down the values.

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Checking Diode using Multimeter
• Turn the dial (rotary switch) to Diode Test mode ( ).
• Connect the test leads to the diode. Record the
measurement displayed.
• Reverse the test leads. Record the measurement displayed.
• A good forward-based diode displays a voltage drop ranging
from 0.5 to 0.8 volts for the most commonly used silicon
diodes.
• Some germanium diodes have a voltage drop
ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 V.

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Checking transistor using Multimeter
• Hook the positive lead of the multimeter to the BASE (B) of the transistor.
• Hook the negative lead to the EMITTER (E) of the transistor.
• For a good NPN transistor, the meter should show a voltage drop
between 0.45V and 0.9V.

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check NPN Transistor using Multimeter
First turn ON digital multimeter and select diode mode.
Connect the test leads to the transistor terminals.
Red probe to Base terminal and Black probe to Emitter terminal.
Read the measurement displayed.
If the transistor value is within the measurement range, the multimeter will display the
transistor value.
displayed multimeter value is from 0 above 150, the transistor is good.
displayed multimeter value is 0 or .0L, the transistor is bad.

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check NPN Transistor using Multimeter
• Connect the test leads to the transistor terminals. Red probe to Base terminal
and Black probe to Emitter terminal.
• Read the measurement displayed. If the transistor value is within the
measurement range, the multimeter will display the transistor value.
• displayed multimeter value is from 0 above 150, the transistor is good.
• displayed multimeter value is 0 or .0L, the transistor is bad.

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Checking transistor using Multimeter

If we kept the positive probe at the center leg of the transistor then it is an NPN transistor.
If we kept the negative probe at the center leg then we have a PNP transistor.

The center leg of the transistor is called Base.

When we exchange, the testing probes-
The leg with the lower reading of resistance is the
Collector
The legs with the higher reading of resistance is the
Emitter.

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 Post test Link

Post test link:

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScltlz5EKim-UPUUP_SwpnSu6OeT2NR6mo
kw49me3JwtVkTFg/viewform?usp=sf_link

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 References

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=w8Dq8blTmSA

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