DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

ISO/WI NO: 41-REV: 1/EFFECTIVE DATE: 06/01/11

POWER ELECTRONICS LABORATORY

LAB MANUAL

B.E (MECHATRONICS) -1V SEMESTER

Prepared by: Edited by,

P. Rajasekaran M.E (Ph.D) Dr.N.Veerappan M.E,Ph.D.

S.Anu.,M.E HOD - EEE
 PREFACE

This Laboratory manual in Power electronics lab has been revised in order to be up to date
with Curriculum changes, laboratory equipment upgrading.

This Laboratory provides ample opportunity for a good understanding of the power
electronic components and to study the salient features of power diodes, power transistors and
other members of thyristor family. This Laboratory also provides hands on understanding the use
of semiconductor devices in the industrial applications in the field of Electrical, Electronics,
Instrumentation and Control Engineering and the use of Power-electronic components in low as
well as high power application.

Every effort has been made to correct all the known errors, if you find any additional
errors or anything else you think is an error, please inform the HOD/EEE at eeedept@avit.ac.in.

The Authors thank all the staff members from the department for their valuable
Suggestions and contributions.

The Authors

Department of EEE

2
 INDEX

TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. Experiment Name Page no
No

1. SCR, MOSFET & IGBT Characteristics - Study.

2. SCR half & fully controlled bridge rectifiers

3. UJT, R, RC Firing circuits for SCR.

4. SCR series inverter.

5. SCR DC Voltage Commutated chopper.

6. SCR DC Current Commutated chopper

7. Resonant dc-dc Converter buck regulator with

ZCS

8. IGBT chopper

9. Single-phase cycloconvertor

10. Speed control of DC shunt motor using converter

11. Three phase fully controlled converter

12. IGBT based – Single phase PWM inverter

3
GUIDELINES FOR LABORATORY NOTEBOOK

The laboratory notebook is a record of all work pertaining to the experiment. This record should
be sufficiently complete so that you or anyone else of similar technical background can
duplicate the experiment and data by simply following your laboratory notebook. Record
everything directly into the notebook during the experiment. Do not use scratch paper for
recording data. Do not trust your memory to fill in the details at a later time.
Organization in your notebook is important. Descriptive headings should be used to separate and
identify the various parts of the experiment. Record data in chronological order. A neat,
organized and complete record of an experiment is just as important as the experimental work.
1. Heading:
The experiment identification (number) should be at the top of each page.
2. Objective:
A brief but complete statement of what you intend to find out or verify in
the experiment should be at the beginning of each experiment
3. Diagram:
A circuit diagram should be drawn and labeled so that the actual
experiment circuitry could be easily duplicated at any time in the future. Be especially careful
to record all circuit changes made during the experiment.
4. Equipment List:
List those items of equipment which have a direct effect on the accuracy
of the data. It may be necessary later to locate specific items of equipment for rechecks if
discrepancies develop in the results.
5. Procedure:
In general, lengthy explanations of procedures are unnecessary. Be brief.
Short commentaries along side the corresponding data may be used. Keep in mind the fact that
the experiment must be reproducible from the information given in your notebook.
6. Data:
Think carefully about what data is required and prepare suitable data
tables. Record instrument readings directly. Do not use calculated results in place of
direct data; however, calculated results may be recorded in the same table with the direct
data. Data tables should be clearly identified and each data column labeled and headed by the
proper units of measure.
7. Calculations:
Not always necessary but equations and sample calculations are often
given to illustrate the treatment of the experimental data in obtaining the results.

4
8. Graphs:
Graphs are used to present large amounts of data in a concise visual form.
Data to be presented in graphical form should be plotted in the laboratory so that any
questionable data points can be checked while the experiment is still set up. The grid lines in the
notebook can be used for most graphs. If special graph paper is required, affix the graph
permanently into the notebook. Give all graphs a short descriptive title. Label and scale the
axes. Use units of measure. Label each curve if more than one on a graph sheet.

9. Results:
The results should be presented in a form which makes the interpretation
easy. Large amounts of numerical results are generally presented in graphical form. Tables
are generally used for small amounts of results. Theoretical and experimental results should be
on the same graph or arrange in the same table in a way for easy correlation of these results.

10. Conclusion:
This is your interpretation of the results of the experiment as an engineer.
Be brief and specific. Give reasons for important discrepancies.

5
LABORATORY SAFETY INFORMATION
Introduction

The danger of injury or death from electrical shock, fire, or explosion is present while
conducting experiments in this laboratory. To work safely, it is important that you
understand the prudent practices necessary to minimize the risks and what to do if there is an
accident.

Electrical Shock
Avoid contact with conductors in energized electrical circuits. Electrocution has been reported at
dc voltages as low as 42 volts. Just 100ma of current passing through the chest is usually fatal.
Muscle contractions can prevent the person from moving away while being electrocuted.

Do not touch someone who is being shocked while still in contact with the electrical conductor
or you may also be electrocuted. Instead, press the Emergency Disconnect . This shuts off all
power, except the lights.
Make sure your hands are dry. The resistance of dry, unbroken skin is relatively high
and thus reduces the risk of shock. Skin that is broken, wet or damp with sweat has a low
resistance.

When working with an energized circuit, work with only your right hand, keeping your left hand
away from all conductive material. This reduces the likelihood of an accident that results in
current passing through your heart.
Be cautious of rings, watches, and necklaces. Skin beneath a ring or watch is damp, lowering the
skin resistance. Shoes covering the feet are much safer than sandals.

If the victim isn't breathing, find someone certified in CPR. Be quick! If the victim is
unconscious or needs an ambulance, contact the Department Office for help.

Fire
Transistors and other components can become extremely hot and cause severe burns if touched.
If resistors or other components on your proto-board catch fire, turn off the power supply and
notify the instructor. If electronic instruments catch fire, disconnect the power supply
immediately. These small electrical fires extinguish quickly after the power is shut off. Avoid
using fire extinguishers on electronic instruments.

Explosion
When using electrolytic capacitors, be careful to observe proper polarity and do not exceed
the voltage rating. Electrolytic capacitors can explode and cause injury. A first aid kit is
located on the wall near the door. Proceed to Student Health Services, if needed.

6
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR

BASE DIAGRAM OF TY604

7
EXPT.NO:

DATE:

SCR, MOSFET & IGBT CHARACTERISTICS

SCR CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:
To study the V-I characteristics of S.C.R. and determine the Break over Voltage, Holding
current & Latching current

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No. NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY

COMPONENTS

1 SCR – TYN604

2 Power Supplies

3 Wattage Resistors

4 Ammeter

8
 5 Voltmeter

6 Bread Board & Connecting Wires As required

Serial. Anode to Anode current Serial. Anode to Anode current

cathode (I a ) OBS cathode (I a )
No. voltage(V ak ) No. voltage(V ak )
(Ampere) ERV (Ampere)
(Volt) (Volt)
ATI
ON
TAB
LE:
Stati
c V-I
Char
acter
istics of SCR

For I g2 = ----- = Constant

For I g1 = ----- = Constant

9
MODEL GRAPH

THEORY:

Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR): Thyristor (generally known as SCR) is a four

layer, three junction, pnpn semiconductor switching device. It has three terminals; anode,
cathode and gate. Basically, a thyristor consists of four layers of alternate p-type and n-type
silicon semiconductors forming three junctions J 1 ,J 2 and J 3 . A gate terminal is usually kept near
the cathode terminal. The terminal connected to outer p region is called anode (A), the
terminated connected to outer n region is called cathode and that connected to inner p region is
called the gate (G). The symbol of SCR is shown in figure.

10
 A circuit diagram for obtaining static V-I characteristics of a thyristor is shown in Fig .
The anode and cathode are connected to main source through the load. The gate and cathode are
fed from a source V s which gives positive gate current from gate to cathode. Fig , shows static
V-I characteristics of a thyristor. V a is the anode voltage across thyristor terminals A, K and I a is
the anode current. Fig reveals that a thyristor has three basic modes of operation; namely, reverse
blocking mode, forward blocking (off-state) mode and forward conduction (on-state) mode.
These three modes of operation are now discussed below.

(A). When cathode is made positive with respect to anode with gate open, thyristor is reverse
biased. Junctions J1, J3 are reverse biased whereas junction J2 is forward biased.

The device behaves like two diodes connected in series with reverse voltage appearing
across them. A small leakage current of the order of a few mill amperes or few microamperes
flows depending upon the SCR rating.. This is reverse blocking mode, called the off state of the
SCR. If the reverse voltage is increase, then at a critical breakdown level, called reverse
breakdown voltage V BR , an avalanche occurs at J1 and J3 and the reverse current increases
rapidly. A large current associated with V BB gives rise to more losses in the thyristor. This may
lead to thyristor damage as the junction temperature may exceed its permissible temperature rise.

11
It should, therefore, be ensured that maximum working reverse voltage across a SCR does not
exceed V BR .

(b). forward blocking mode: When anode is positive with respect to the cathode with gate circuit
open, SCR is said to be forward biased. During this mode, junctions J1, J3 are forward biased but
junction J2 is reverse biased. In this mode, a small current, called forward leakage current, flows.

In case the forward voltage is increased, ten the reverse biased junction J2 will have an
avalanche breakdown at a voltage called forward break over voltage V BO . When forward voltage
is less than V BO, thyristor offers high impedance. Therefore, a SCR can be treated as an open
switch even in the forward blocking mode.

(c). Forward conduction mode: In this mode, SCR conducts currents from anode to cathode with
a very small voltage drop across it. A SCR is brought from forward blocking mode to forward
conduction mode by turning it on by exceeding the forward break over voltage or by applying a
gate pulse between gate and cathode. In this mode, SCR is on state and behaves like a closed
switch. Voltage drop across thyristor in the on state is of the order of 1 to 2V depending on the
rating of thyristor. This voltage drop increases slightly with an increase in anode current.

In conduction mode, anode current is limited by load impedance alone as voltage drop
across thyristor is quite small. This small voltage drop V T across the device is due ohmic drop in
the four layers.

SPECIFIC TERMINOLOGY

Break over Current (IBO) − Principal current at the break over point
Break over Voltage (VBO) − Principal voltage at the break over point
Gate Trigger Current (IGT) − Minimum gate current required to maintain the SCR in
the on state
Holding Current (IH) − Minimum principal current required to maintain the SCR in
the on state
Latching Current (IL) − Minimum principal current required to maintain the SCR in the on
state immediately after the switching from off state to on state has occurred and the triggering
signal has been removed
On-state Voltage (VT) − Principal voltage when the SCR is in the on state
12
Gate Trigger Voltage (VGT) − Gate voltage required to produce the gate trigger current
On-state Current (IT) − Principal current when the SCR is in the on state

PROCEDURE:

Static V-I Characteristics of SCR

1. Connections as made as per the circuit diagram

2. Connect millimeter across G-K, across the thyristor (anode and cathode),
Across the supply terminals V s to measure gate voltage V g, V a and V s .

(All in dc mode). An ammeter of the range (0-50) mA is connected to

Measure the load current I l .

3. Keep initially the gate potential V g at very low value say around 0.4 Volts.
Vary the supply voltage V s in steps and note whether ammeter shows any

13
 Reading. For every step of V s note the ammeter reading. Also note corresponding readings
of V a respectively.

4. If the ammeter doesn’t indicate any reading, increase the gate potential V g to
Some higher value says around 0.6 Volts & follows the procedure given in step

No. (3).

5. Further increase the gate potential to some higher values and repeat the
Procedure followed in step no. (3).

6. Tabulate the readings in the observation column.

7. Finally a graph is drawn between anode current (I a = Il = load current)
And the device voltage V a respectively.

14
RESULT:
Thus the V-I characteristics of S.C.R. and the Break over Voltage, Holding current. &
latching current has been determined.

QUESTIONS:
1. Explain the working operation of VI characteristics of S.C.R.
2. Define Holding current, Latching current, Break down voltage.
3. Explain the working operation of S.C.R. characteristics by using two transistors
Analogy.
4. What is meant by forward leakage current?
5. Mention the applications of S.C.R.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET

15
 MOSFET CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:

To obtain the steady state output side characteristics of the given MOSFET, for a
specified value of gate source voltage

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No. NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY

16
 COMPONENTS
1 MOSFET-IRF740

2 Power Supplies

3 Wattage Resistors

4 Ammeter

5 Voltmeter

6 Bread Board

7 Connecting Wires

OBSERVATION TABLE:
FOR MOSFET

For V GS = -----, ------, ------, ------ = Constant

17
Serial Collector to Drain current
No. emitter (I D )
voltage (V CE )
(Volt) (Ampere) MODEL GRAPH:
MOSFET

THEORY:

METALOXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR

(MOSFET): The circuit diagram to obtain the output characteristics is shown in figure power

18
MOSFET is a voltage controlled device because the output current (drain current) can be
controlled by gate source voltage (V GS ).

The power MOSFET has three terminals called D, source S and gate G. The symbol of power
MOSFET is shown in Fig. Here the arrow direction indicates the direction of electrons flow.
Power MOSFET is unipolar device because its operation depends upon the flow of majority
carrier’s only. It has very high input impedance, in the order of 109 ohm. The gate draws a very
small leakage current, in the order of nano amperes. MOSFETs do not have problems of
secondary breakdown. However, MOSFETs have the problems of electrostatic discharge and
require special care in handling. In addition, it is very difficult to protect them under short –
circuited fault conditions. Power MOSFETs are finding increasing applications in low power
high frequency converters. The V I characteristics of MOSFET is shown in figure.

PROCEDURE:

Static V-I Characteristics of MOSFET

1. Connections as made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect Multimeter across G-K, across the MOSFET (source & drain) &
across the supply terminals V s to measure gate voltage V g, V DS , and V s .

(all in dc mode) An ammeter of the range (0-50) mA is connected to

ensure the load current I l (drain current I D ).

3. Keep initially the gate potential V g at very low value. Vary the supply voltage V s in steps
and note whether ammeter shows any reading. For every step of V s note the ammeter
reading. Also note corresponding readings of V DS respectively.
4. If the ammeter doesn’t indicate any reading, increase the gate potential V g to
some higher value & follow the procedure given in step no. (3).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: IGBT CHARACTERISTICS

19
5. Further increase the gate potential to some higher values and repeat the

20
 Procedure followed in step no. (3).

6. Tabulate the readings in the observation column.

7. Finally a graph is drawn between load current (I D ) and the device voltage
V DS respectively.

RESULT:
Thus the steady state output side characteristics of the given MOSFET, for a specified
value of gate source voltage has been obtained.

QUESTIONS:
1. What is power MOSFET?
2. What are the applications of power MOSFET?
3. Compare MOSFET & BJT?
4. Compare MOSFET and BJT
5. Explain o/p & transfer characteristics of MOSFET

OBSERVATION TABLE:

21
FOR IGBT:
For V B = -----, ------, ------, ------ = Constant

Serial Source to Drain current

No. Drain (I D )
voltage
(Ampere)
(V DS ) (Volt)

MODEL GRAPH:
IGBT

22
 IGBT CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:
To obtain the steady state output side characteristics of the given IGBT, for a specified
value of base emitter voltage.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No. NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY

COMPONENTS

1 IGBT

2 Power Supplies

3 Wattage Resistors

4 Ammeter

5 Voltmeter

6 Bread Board

7 Connecting Wires

23
THEORY:

24
 INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR (IGBT): The circuit diagram to obtain
the output characteristics of IGBT is shown in figure. The symbol of IGBT shown in Fig. IGBT is a
new development in the area of power MOSFET technology. This device combines into it the
advantages of both MOSFET and BJT. So an IGBT has high input impedance like a MOSFET and
low-on state power loss as in a BJT. IGBT is free from second breakdown problem present in BJT.
IGBT is also known as metal oxide insulated gate transistor (MOSIGT), conductively modulated
field effect transistor (COMFET) or gain modulated FET (GEMFET). It is also called insulated gate
transistor (IGT). The V I characteristics of MOSFET is shown in figure.

PROCEDURE

Static V-I Characteristics of IGBT

1. Connections as made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect multimeter across G-K, across the IGBT (collector and
Emitter), & across the supply terminals V s to measure gate voltage
V BE , V CE , and V s (all in dc mode) An ammeter of the range (0-50) mA
is connected to measure the load current I l (collector current I C ).
3. Keep initially the gate potential V BE at very low value. Vary the supply voltage V s in steps
and note whether ammeter shows any Reading. For every step of V s note the ammeter
reading. Also note corresponding readings of V CE respectively.
4. If the ammeter doesn’t indicate any reading, increase the gate potential V BE
To some higher value & follow the procedure given in step no. (3).

5. Further increase the gate potential to some higher values and repeat the
Procedure followed in step no. (3).
6. Tabulate the readings in the observation column.
7. Finally a graph is drawn between load current (I C ) and the device voltage
V CE respectively.

25
26
RESULT:
Thus the steady state output side characteristics of the given IGBT, for a specified value
of base emitter voltage has been obtained.

QUESTIONS:
1. What is IGBT?
2. What are the applications of IGBT?
3. Compare MOSFET, BJT & IGBT?
4. Explain the working principle of IGBT
5. Explain o/p & transfer characteristics of IGBT.

27
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER

T1 T3
230V, 50Hz
1φ AC Supply

D4 D2

N
230V/12V step down

UJT TRIGGERING CIRCUIT FOR SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED

BRIDGE CONVERTER

Step down Transformer

EXPT.NO:

28
DATE:

SCR HALF & FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIERS

SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED CONVERTER

AIM:

To study the operation of single phase half controlled converter using R and RL load and
to observe the output waveforms

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No. NAME OF THE COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1. Thyristor trainer kit

2. SCR Triggering kit

3. CRO

4. Resistive load

5. Multimeter

6 Patch cards

7 CRO probes

OBSERVATION TABLE:

29
 Half Controlled Bridge Rectifier Using R Load
V m = ________________
Serial Triggering Output voltage Output voltage
No. angle ‘α’
degree V oav V oav

(volt) (volt)

(measured) (calculated)

MODEL GRAPH:
Half Controlled Bridge Rectifier Using R Load

30
FORMULA:
For Single Phase Half Controlled Bridge Rectifier
Vm
VO = (1 + cos α )
π

THEORY:

Single Phase Half Controlled Bridge Rectifier (Single Phase Semi converter):

A semi converter uses two diodes and two thyristors and there is a limited control over
the level of dc output voltage. A semi converter is one quadrant converter. A one-quadrant
converter has same polarity of dc output voltage and current at its output terminals and it is
always positive. It is also known as two-pulse converter.

Figure shows half controlled rectifier with R load. This circuit consists of two SCRs T1
and T2, two diodes D1 and D2. During the positive half cycle of the ac supply, SCR T1 and
diode D2 are forward biased when the SCR T1 is triggered at a firing angle ωt = α, the SCR T1
and diode D2 comes to the on state. Now the load current flows through the path L - T1- R load
–D2 - N. During this period, we output voltage and current are positive. At ωt = π, the load
voltage and load current reaches to zero, then SCR T1 and diode D2 comes to off state since
supply voltage has been reversed.

During the negative half cycle of the ac supply, SCR T2 and diode D1 are forward
biased. When SCR T2 is triggered at a firing angle ωt = π + α, the SCR T2 and diode D1 comes
to on state. Now the load current flows through the path N - T2- R load – D1 -L. During this
period, output voltage and output current will be positive.
At ωt = 2π, the load voltage and load current reaches to zero then SCR T2 and diode D1 comes
to off state since the voltage has been reversed. During the period (π + α to 2π) SCR T2 and
diode D1 are conducting

31
PROCEDURE:

32
Single Phase Half Controlled Bridge Rectifier (Single Phase Semi converter)

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect CRO and voltmeter across the load.

3. Keep the potentiometer at the minimum position.

4. Switch on the step down ac source.

5. Check the gate pulses at G1-K1 & G2-K2, respectively.

6. Observe the wave form on CRO and note the triggering angle ‘α’ and

7. Note the corresponding reading of the voltmeter. Also note the value of

8. Maximum amplitude V m from the waveform.

9. Set the potentiometer at different positions and follow the step given in (6)

10. For every position.

11. Tabulate the readings in the observation column.

RESULT:

Thus the operation of single phase half controlled converter using R and RL load has
studied and the output waveforms has been observed.

QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by semi converter?
2. What is effect of freewheeling diode?
3. What are the advantages using FD?
4. What are fully controlled rectifiers?
5. What is the condition for different quadrant of operation

33
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED
CONVERTER: R, RL LOAD

UJT TRIGGERING CIRCUIT FOR SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED

BRIDGE CONVERTER

34
SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER

AIM:
To study the operation of single phase fully controlled converter using R and RL load and
to observe the output waveforms

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No. NAME OF THE COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

Thyristor trainer kit

2. SCR Triggering kit

3. CRO

4. Resistive load

5. Multimeter

6 Patch cards

7 CRO probes

THEORY:

SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A fully controlled converter or full converter uses thyristors only and there is a wider
control over the level of dc output voltage. With pure resistive load, it is single quadrant
converter. Here, both the output voltage and output current are positive. With RL- load it
becomes a two-quadrant converter. Here, output voltage is either positive or negative but output
current is always positive. Figure shows the quadrant operation of fully controlled bridge
rectifier with R-load.

35
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier Using R Load V m = _________

Serial Triggering Output voltage Output voltage

No. angle ‘α’
V oav V oav
degree
(volt) (volt)

(measured) (calculated)

Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier Using RL Load Vm = __________

Serial Triggering angle Output voltage Output voltage

No. ‘α’ degree
V oav V oav

(volt) (volt)

(measured) (calculated)

36
 Fig shows single phase fully controlled rectifier with resistive load. This type of full
wave rectifier circuit consists of four SCRs. During the positive half cycle, SCRs T1 and T2 are
forward biased. At ωt = α, SCRs T1 and T3 are triggered, and then the current flows through the
L – T1- R load – T3 – N. At ωt = π, supply voltage falls to zero and the current also goes to
zero. Hence SCRs T1 and T3 turned off. During negative half cycle (π to 2π),

SCRs T3 and T4 forward biased. At ωt = π + α, SCRs T2 and T4 are triggered, then

current flows through the path N – T2 – R load- T4 – L. At ωt = 2π, supply voltage and current
goes to zero, SCRs T2 and T4 are turned off. The Fig-3, shows the current and voltage
waveforms for this circuit.

For large power dc loads, 3-phase ac to dc converters are commonly used. The various
types of three-phase phase-controlled converters are 3 phase half-wave converter, 3-phase semi
converter, 3-phase full controlled and 3-phase dual converter. Three-phase half-wave converter
is rarely used in industry because it introduces dc component in the supply current. Semi
converters and full converters are quite common in industrial applications. A dual is used only
when reversible dc drives with power ratings of several MW are required.

The advantages of three phase converters over single-phase converters are as under:

In 3-phase converters, the ripple frequency of the converter output voltage is higher than in
single-phase converter. Consequently, the filtering requirements for smoothing out the load
current are less.

The load current is mostly continuous in 3-phase converters. The load performance, when
3-phase converters are used, is therefore superior as compared to when single-phase converters
are used.

FORMULA:
For Single Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier

2Vm
VO = cos α )
π

37
MODEL GRAPH:

38
PROCEDURE:
1. Single Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier

2. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

3. Connect CRO and multimeter (in dc) across the load.

4. Keep the potentiometer (Ramp control) at the minimum position (maximum

Resistance).

5. Switch on the step down ac source.

6. Check the gate pulses at G1-K1, G2-K2, G3-K3, & G4-K4 respectively.

7. Observe the waveform on CRO and note the triggering angle ‘α’ and

Note the corresponding reading of the multimeter. Also note the value of

Maximum amplitude V m from the waveform.

8. Set the potentiometer at different positions and follow the step given in (6)

For every position.

9. Tabulate the readings in observation column.

10. Draw the waveforms observed on CRO.

RESULT:
Thus the operation of single phase fully controlled converter using R and RL load has
been studied and the output waveforms has been observed.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by semi converter?

2. What is effect of freewheeling diode?
3. What are the advantages using FD?
4. What are fully controlled rectifiers?
5. What is the condition for different quadrant of operation

39
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: R – TRIGGERING CIRCUIT

MODEL GRAPH: R – Triggering Circuit

40
EXPT.NO:

DATE:

R, R-C AND UJT FIRING CIRCUITS FOR SCR

AIM:
To study the operation of resistance, resistance capacitance and UJT triggering circuits of SCR

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No. NAME OF THE COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1. Transformer

2. SCR – TY604

3. Resistor (3.3 Kohm, 100 Ohm/20W),

4. . Capacitor

5. UJT firing module

6 CRO

7 LOAD

8 Multimeter

41
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: RC TRIGGERING CIRCUIT

MODEL GRAPH: RC TRIGGERING CIRCUIT

42
THEORY:
RESISTANCE TRIGGERING

Resistance trigger circuits are the simplest & most economical method. During the positive half
cycle of the input voltage , SCR become forward biased but it will not conduct until its gate
current exceeds Igmin . Diode D allows the flow of current during positive half cycle only. R2 is
the variable resistance & R is the stabilizing resistance .R1 is used to limit the gate current.during
the positive half cycle current Ig flows. Ig increases and when Ig= Igmin the SCR turns ON .The
firing angle can be varied from 0 — 90° by varying the resistance R.

R —C TRIGGERING

By varying the variable resistance R, the firing angle can be varied from 0 —180° .In the
negative half cycle the capacitance C charges through the diode D2 with lower plate positive to,
the peak supply voltage Emax .This Capacitor voltage remains constant at until supply voltage
attains zero value. During the positive half cycle of the input voltage , C begins to charge
through R. When the capacitor voltage reaches the minimum gate trigger voltage SCR will turn
on.

UJT TRIGGERING

The circuit for UJT trigger consists of UJT relaxation oscillator. The basic UJT relaxation
oscillator is made as a line synchronized trigger circuit, with the addition of a diode rectifier and
a zener diode. A zener diode clips the control voltage to a fixed level. The capacitor will charge
exponentially. When the voltage across the capacitor reaches the unijunction threshold voltage,
the E-B,junction of UJT breaks down and. capacitor C discharges through UJT . SCR get gate
pulse and turns on.

43
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: UJT TRIGGERING CIRCUIT

MODEL GRAPH: UJT TRIGGERING CIRCUIT

44
 Average value of output voltage

RMS value of output voltage =

PROCEDURE:

R Firing
1. Connections are made as shown in fig.
2. Switch on the power supply to the CRO.
3. Set the CRO to the line trigger mode.
4. Switch on power supply to the SCR trainer.
5. Observe the waveform on the CRO.
6. Study the waveforms for various firing angle by varying the pot in R trigger circuit.
7. Observe the range of firing angle control.
8. For any one particular firing angle plot the waveforms of the ac voltage, voltage across the
load and the SCR.
9. Measure the average dc voltage across the load and rms value of the ac input voltage using a
digital multimeter.
10. Calculate the dc output voltage using the equation.

V - Vrms value of ac input voltage

Vm - .\/2Vrms
And compare the measured value

RC Firing
1. Connections are made as shown in fig.
2. Switch on the power supply to the CRO.
3. Set the CRO to the line trigger mode.

45
4. Switch on power supply to the SCR trainer.
5. Observe the waveform on the CRO.
6. Study the waveforms for various firing angle by varying the pot in R trigger circuit.
7. Observe the range of firing angle control.
8. For any one particular firing angle plot the waveforms of the ac voltage, voltage across the
load and the SCR.
9. Measure the average dc voltage across the load and rms value of the ac input voltage usin g' a
digital multimeter.
10. Calculate the dc output voltage using the equation.

UJT Firing
1. Connect A, K terminal of UJT triggering circuit to the gate cathode terminals of SCR.
2. Give a 24 V ac supply.
3. Observe the waveforms and plot it for one particular firing angle by adjusting the
potentiometer and observe the range over which firing angle is controllable.
4. Observe that capacitor voltage is set at every half cycle.

RESULT:
Thus the operation of resistance, resistance capacitance and UJT triggering circuits of SCR has
been studied.
And compare the measured value

QUESTIONS:
1. What are all the methods to trigger SCR.?

2. Which one is the most common & accurate method to turn on the SCR.

3. Explain the working of resistance firing circuit.

4. Explain the working of resistance- capacitor firing circuit.

5. What is meant by ramp control?

46
IRCUIT DIAGRAM: SERIES INVERTER

47
EXP NO:

DATE:

SERIES INVERTER

AIM:
To obtain variable AC from DC ripple input.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No. NAME OF THE COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1. Module

2. SCR

3. Diode

4. inductor

5. capacitors

THEORY:

In the series inverter, the commutating inductance and capacitance are in Series with the
load. Thus the commutation circuit is part of the load. Fig shows the circuit diagram of series
inverter. L and C are commutating components. T and T carry load current in positive
and negative half cycles Operation of the circuit can be understood through following modes.

Mode - I

At the beginning of this mode, capacitor is charged to negative voltage as shown in

waveforms of Fig. At t1 SCR T is triggered. The output current starts flowing through T and
L-C-R circuit equivalent circuit-I in Fig show the current path. Because of the RLC circuit, the
current increases sinusoid ally. The current becomes maximum when capacitor voltage is equal
to V dC . Then the current reduces. At t current becomes zero. Hence T turns-off. The capacitor
charges to the value higher than VdC. This charge is hold by the capacitor.

48
Model graph

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No Amplitude (volt) Ton (ms) Toff (ms)

49
Mode - II

This mode begins when SCR T is triggered at t 3 Equivalent circuit-II in Fig shows the
current path. The current starts flowing in opposite direction. Fig shows the negative half cycle
of the current. The capacitor starts discharging in the RLC circuit. The current becomes
maximum when capacitor voltage is zero. The current then starts reducing and becomes zero
at t 4 Therefore T 2 turns off at t 4 . The Capacitor is charged to negative voltage. This charge
is hold by the capacitor. The cycle repeats when T 1 is triggered again. Fig shows output
voltage waveform. Note that it is similar to output current for resistive load.

PROCEDURE:

1. To begin with switch on the power supply to the firing circuit check that
Trigger pulses by varying the frequency.
2. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Now connect trigger outputs from the firing circuits to gate and cathode of
SCRs T1 & T2.
4. Connect DC input from a 30v/2A regulated power supply and switch on
The input DC supply.
5. Now apply trigger pulses to SCRs and observe voltage waveform across
The load.
6. Measure Vrms & frequency of o/p voltage waveform.

50
RESULT:
Thus the variable AC from DC ripple input has been obtained.

QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by series inverter?

2. Give the classification of series inverter.

3. Give the frequency range at which the series inverter operate.

4. Explain the working of series inverter.

5. What are all the applications of series inverter?

51
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SCR DC VOLTAGE COMMUTATED CHOPPER

52
EXP NO:

DATE:

SCR DC VOLTAGE COMMUTATED CHOPPER

AIM:

To observe the operation of class D commutated technique.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Force commutation trainer

kit

2 Patch cards

3 CRO

THEORY:

MODE-1

Main SCR is triggered to make source current to flow in two path one is load current and
other path with triggering of SCR load get connected to supply and load voltage.

MODE-2

At a desired instant the auxiliary SCR is to be triggered for turning OFF the main SCR
T1 with the switch ON, T2 reverse capacitance voltage appears across T1 which reverse biases it
and turn it OFF.

MODE-3

SCR T2 turn OFF since the capacitance is slightly changed after the freewheeling diode
set frequently forward biased.

53
OBSERVATION TABLE :

T auxiliary time
Vs in volts
S.NO

Ton (ms) Toff (ms)

T auxiliary time
Amplitude
S.NO

Ton (ms) Toff (ms)

NOTATIONS USED

Ig- gate current

It- thyristor current

Ic- capacitor current

Vc- capacitor voltage

Vt- thyristor voltage

Vo- output voltage

Ita- auxiliary thyristor current

54
PROCEDURE:

1) Patch the voltage commutated chopper as per the circuit diagram

2) Connect the CRO probe across the commutated chopper

3) Give the input dc voltage (0-30)v, 2amps from the external power supply.

4) Switch ON the trainer then switch ON the input dc supply circuit breaker.

5) After then switch ON the trigger OFF-ON position

6) From the load output waveform we can measure the turn on time and turn off time of
main SCR as well as auxiliary SCR

7) Verify the unity and frequency of the triggering circuit using parts provided on the
triggering circuit.

8) Also observe the voltage across main SCR and auxiliary SCR and load

9) Take the turn on and turn off time at main so auxiliary SCR from the capacitor waveform
at various values of unity cycle and frequency and tabulate them

10) Also find out the peak value of current through the load.

55
OBSERVATION TABLE:

OUTPUT ACROSS CAPACITOR

S.NO Vs (volts) Ip=VsVl/L Main SCR turn on time Main SCR turn off
time

OUTPUT ACROSS LOAD

S.NO Vs (volts) Ip=VsVl/L Main SCR turn on time Main SCR turn off
time

56
PROCEDURE:

11) Patch the voltage commutated chopper as per the circuit diagram

12) Connect the CRO probe across the commutated chopper

13) Give the input dc voltage (0-30)v, 2amps from the external power supply.

14) Switch ON the trainer then switch ON the input dc supply circuit breaker.

15) After then switch ON the trigger OFF-ON position

16) From the capacitor output waveform we can measure the turn on time and turn off time
of main SCR as well as auxiliary SCR

17) Verify the unity and frequency of the triggering circuit using parts provided on the
triggering circuit.

18) Also observe the voltage across main SCR and auxiliary SCR and load

19) Take the turn on and turn off time at main so auxiliary SCR from the capacitor waveform
at various values of unity cycle and frequency and tabulate them

20) Also find out the peak value of current through the capacitor.

57
WAVEFORM:

58
RESULT:

Thus the operation of class D commutated technique has been obtained.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by commutation?

2. What are all the methods of commutation?

3. What is meant by voltage commutation?

4. Explain the working of voltage commutated chopper.

5. What are all the advantages and disadvantages of voltage commutated chopper

59
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SCR DC CURRENT COMMUTATED CHOPPER

60
EXP NO:
DATE:

SCR DC CURRENT COMMUTATED CHOPPER.

AIM:

To conduct and study current commutation chopper technique

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the apparatus Type Range

1 forced commutation trainer kit

2 Patch cards

3 CRO

THEORY:

The power circuit diagram of current commutated chopper is represented T1 is the main
thyristor the other component namely auxiliary T, capacitor C, inductor L, diode D1 and D2
exists commutation chopper FD is positive free wheeling diode and RC is the average resistor
assumption for chopper are as load current is constant SCR diode and identical switches
changing resistor R1 is so large.

PROCEDURE:

1. Patch the connections as circuit diagram

2. Connect the CRO probe across the capacitor

3. Switch on the trainer kit

4. From the capacitor waveform we can found the auxiliary SCR turn on time

61
OUTPUT ACROSS CAPACITOR

S.No Amplitude (volt) Ton (ms) Toff (ms)

OUTPUT ACROSS LOAD

Amplitude (volt) Ton (ms) Toff (ms)

WAVEFORM:

62
5. Switch on the DC output MCB and switch on the triggering circuit on/off switch

6. Observe the waveform across the main SCR auxiliary SCR and load.

RESULT:

Thus the current commutation chopper technique have been conducted.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by current commutation?

2. What is meant by current commutated chopper?

3. What about the commutation time in voltage & current commutated chopper.

4. Explain the working of current commutated chopper.

5. Give the applications of current commutated chopper

63
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: RESONANT DC TO DC CONVERTER

64
EXPT.NO:

DATE:

RESONANT DC TO DC CONVERTER

AIM:

To study the operation of DC to DC resonant converter

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No.
NAME OF THE APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1. Resonant DC to DC converter triggering

module

2. Resonant DC to DC converter power

module

3. CRO

4. CRO probes

5. Patch cards

65
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.NO Vdc (Input Vd (Peak Vd (on-Time) Vgs (on-time)

voltage) v voltage) V T sec T sec

MODEL GRAPH:

66
PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch ON the triggering module.
3. Set the carrier wave switching frequency is equal to resonant frequency.
4. Switch ON the power module.
5. Observe the output voltage and current waveforms.
6. By varying the reference signal the output voltage control is achieved.
7. Switch OFF the trainer. Change the LC value and observe the voltage waveforms.

RESULT:

Thus the operation of DC to DC resonant converter has been studied.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by resonant converter?

2. What is the need for resonant converter?

3. Give the classification of ZCS.

4. Explain the working of ZCS.

5. Give the advantages & limitations of ZCS.

67
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF IGBT CHOPPER (I & IV QUADRANT OPERATION)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF IGBT CHOPPER (II & III QUADRANT

OPERATION)

68
EXP NO:

DATE:

IGBT CHOPPER
AIM:

To conduct the operation of four quadrants IGBT chopper with bipolar switching and
unipolar switching.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Type Range Quantity

apparatus

1 IGBT module

2 Chopper control
module

3 CRO

4 Rheostat

5 Multimeter

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

THEORY:

The type of chopper is obtained by connectivity type A type B chopper is parallel. The output
voltage Vo is always positive because of the presence of freewheeling diode across the load.
When chopper CH2 ON free wheeling diode conduct output voltage Vo=0 and incase chopper
CH2 is ON or diode.

PROCEDURE:

For bipolar switching

1. Using the chopper module, and referring to the mimic diagram, connect the circuit as per the
circuit diagram.

i) Connect B11 to V+1 using patch chords.

69
TABULATION: FIRST AND FOURTH QUADRANT

S.NO Vo Ton (ms) T (ms) α = Ton/T Vo=

TABULATION: SECOND AND THIRD QUADRANT

S.NO Vo Ton (ms) T (ms) α = Ton/T Vo=

70
 ii) Connect B12 to B21 using patch chords.

iii) Connect B23 to V-1 using patch chords.

iv) Connect V+2 to B31 using patch chords.

v) Connect B32 to B41 using patch chords.

vi) Connect V-2 to B43 using patch chords.

2. Connect the R-load between B12 to B33.

3. Connect the gating signals from the chopper control module to the chopper module using the
signal cable provided.

4. Connect the power cables for both the modules.

5. Select bipolar voltage switching mode, mode III by setting SW3 in the control module at
position.

6. Keeping pulse release ON/OFF switch SW4, in the control module in the off position. Switch
ON ac mains to the CRO, control module and chopper module.

7. Switch ON SW! in chopper module to establish dc link voltage.

8. Release the gating signals by switching on SW$ in the control module.

9. Observe the load voltage waveforms through CRO.

10. Vary the duty cycle ratio and measure Ton, Toff, average dc output voltage and tabulate
them.

For unipolar voltage switching

1. Follow the steps 1 to 4 in bipolar voltage switching.

2. Select the unipolar switching mode, by setting the mode switch SW3 at position IV in
the chopper control module.

3. Follow the remaining steps.

71
RESULT:

Thus the four quadrant chopper was constructed and the operation of the chopper has
been obtained from the output waveform.

QUESTIONS:

1. Explain the principle of dc chopper operation

2. Describe the various types of chopper configuration

3. What is meant by IGBT CHOPPER?

4. Explain the working of IGBT chopper

5. Where we are using this two quadrant IGBT chopper.

72
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: - SINGLE PHASE CYCLOCONVERTER

73
EXP NO:

DATE:

SINGLE PHASE CYCLOCONVERTER

AIM:
To study the operation of single phase Cycloconverter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Type Range Quantity

apparatus

1 Cycloconverter
module

2 Loading rheostat

3 CRO

4 Inductance

5 probes

THEORY:

Cycloconverter directly changes frequency changes that convert ac power at one

frequency to ac power at another frequency by ac to ac conversion without an intermediate
conversion link. The majority of Cycloconverter are naturally commutated. Some
Cycloconverter need forced commutatory circuit.

1) Step-down Cycloconverter→Natural commutation.

2) Step-up Cycloconverter→Forced commutation.

74
Itable

Sl.No Amplitude (V) Frequency(Hz) Ton(ms) Toff(ms)

The Principle of operation of Single phase Cycloconverter can be explained with the
circuit diagram. The SCR T 1 and T 2 form positive polarity of output voltage and T3, T4 produce
negative polarity of the load voltage. The positive group SCR’s T 1 and T 2 are gated together
depending upon polarity one of them will conduct Dc output voltage of impulse Cycloconverter.

PROCEDURE:

1. Patch the firing circuit unit as per the Patching diagram

2. Switch on the Firing circuit unit through the power on Indicator switch providing the front
panel.

3. Verifying the test point through the CRO Whether it is Proper or not.

. Then press soft start switch.

75
5. Study and observe the various stages of waveform through the appropriate test point.

6. Observe the firing pulse output and their phase sequence Through the corresponding
terminal using dual in CRO.

7. Now switch off the firing circuit and patch the power circuit as show in the patching diagram,
also interlink the firing unit and power unit as Shown in the patching diagram .

8. Connect the CRO probe across the load Resistor (It may be a fixed orVariable Resistor)

9. Switch on both the firing and power unit and observe the Cycloconverter output in the CRO
and change the firing angle through the firing angle variation (0-180°) pot meter

10. Repeat the experiment for the various values frequency divider output, Observe and trace the
Cycloconverter output and note down the voltage and current reading for various value of R.

RESULT:

Thus the output waveform of the single phase mid point Cycloconverter was studied and
observed.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by cycloconverter.

2. Give the classification of cycloconverter

3. Explain the operation of cycloconverter.

4. Which commutation is employed in cycloconverter.

5. Give its applications

76
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER FED
DC MOTOR

77
EXP NO:

DATE:

SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR USING CONVERTER

AIM:

To study the open loop speed control of DC motor using field control and armature
control.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Type Range Quantity

apparatus

1 DC motor speed
controller trainer.

2 DC motor-
generator setup

3 Connecting wires

4 probes

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the armature of the DC motor across the banana connectors A,AA and field of
the DC motor across the connectors F,FF.
2. Keep the rotary switch S3 in position for open loop study.
3. Connect the field of generator to the connectors provided at the right side panel of the
trainer. It provides a fixed DC of 180V for the generator field.
4. Keep the switch S1 in the position PV to read speed.

78
Model graph

79
 5. Connect the armature of the DC motor across the banana connectors A,AA and field of
the DC motor across the connectors F,FF.
6. Keep the rotary switch S3 in position for open loop study.
7. Connect the field of generator to the connectors provided at the right side panel of the
trainer. It provides a fixed DC of 180V for the generator field.
8. Keep the switch S1 in the position PV to read speed.

FOR FIELD CONTROL METHOD

1. Keep the switch S2 position INT for internal supply and the armature controlled pot at
maximum position.
2. Keep the switch S5 in variable position.
3. Switch ON the power ON/OFF switch and check whether it glows. Switch ON
4. Switch ON the MCB which provides 230v AC to the converter circuit of DC motor field
and armature.
5. Initially note down the speed on the digital meter.
6. Vary the field control pot in steps up to maximum and note the speed. the variation in
speed is due to variation in the field current
7. Bring the field control port to minimum position and switch OFF the MCB and then the
power ON/OFF switch.

FOR ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD

1. Keep the SPDT switch S2 in INT position and switch S5 in fixed position. Keep the
armature control pot in minimum position .
2. Switch on the power on/off switch and check whether it glows. switch on both the pulse
on/off switches s6 and S7.
3. Switch on the MCB which provides 230v a.c to the converter circuit of d.c motor field
and armature.
4. Initially note down the speed on the digital voltmeter.
5. Vary the armature control pot unto maximum value in steps and note down the speeds.
the variation in speed is due to the variation in armature voltage.
6. Bring the armature control pot to minimum position and then switch off the MCB and
then the power on/off switch.

80
 RESULT:

Thus the open loop speed control of DC motor using field control and armature control
have been studied.

QUESTIONS:

1. What are the different speed control methods?

2. Difference between field control and armature control method.
3. Why speed control is necessary.
4. What is open loop speed control?
5. What is closed loop speed control?

81
Circuit diagram

82
EXPT.NO:

DATE:

THREE PHASE FULLY CONTROLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER

AIM:

To study the operations and the performance of the three phase fully controlled converter
with resistive and inductive load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. PC

2. Pspice

THEORY:

Three phase converter are extensively used in industrial applications up to the

120KW level, where two-quadrant.

A) WITH RESISTIVE LOAD

The circuit shows a fully converter circuit with resistive load. The load is fed
via a three phase Half-wave connection, the return path being via another half –wave connection
to one of the three supply lines, no neutral being required.

The circuit consists of two groups of SCRs, positive group and negative group.
The positive group SCRs are turned ON when the supply voltage is positive and negative group
SCRs are turned on when the supply voltage are negative. If SCR T1 is triggered at a particular
instant, it can conduct provided there is a return path for the current. Since phase B is the
maximum negative, the return path should be to phase B. That means SCR T5 must be triggered
simultaneously with SCR T1. similarly, when phase B has the highest value, SCR-T2 and SCR-
T6 and when phase C has the highest value SCR T3 must be triggered simultaneously.

83
Model graph

84
OPERATIONS:

It can be classified as

i. continuous conduction mode (0≤α≤π/3)

ii. Discontinuous conduction mode(π/3≤α≤2π/3)
α is firing angle of thyristor

i) CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE: (0≤α≤π/3)

When the phase a and phase B are all over to conduct at“ between
zero to π/3, it continuous to conduct by 60 when the phase C is fired. The condition is shifted
from SCR T5 to SCR T6. The phase A & C conducts after another 60 after which it is replaced
by phases B and C when phase B voltage assumes greater value than C or A. Hence load current
is continuous for α between 0 and π/3.

ii) DISCONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE (π/3≤α≤2π/3)

When (π/3≤α≤2π/3), the phase A and B conducts up to angle π after
which both the thyristor T1 and T5 are commutated off due to natural commutation and after 60
when T6 and T1 are fired, Phase A and C conducts also up to angle π, hence load current,
remains zero from angle π to the next firing pulse and becomes discontinuous.

V 0 (theoretical) = 3√2V S cosα = 1.35 V S cosα

PROCEDURE:

1. Open capture CIS from start up or from the short cut.

2. Create a new project using analog or mixed – Signal circuit Wizard.

3. Add the necessary library to the project.

4. Select the required devices from place part and give the connections.

85
5. Create a new simulation profile and simulate the project.

6. Verify the voltage across different terminals from the output waveforms through Pspice A/D

RESULT:

The operation and the performance of 3 phase fully controlled converter with resistive and
inductive load was studied.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is the firing angle of a thyristor.

2. At what firing angle load current is continuous.

3. When the load current remains zero.

4. At what firing angle load current is discontinuous

5. Give the application of three phase converter.

86
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

C1
T1
D1 T3
D3

50Ω/5A
24V,D.C

Vo
C2

T2 T4
D2 D4

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.no Output voltage (v) Time (ms)

87
EXP NO:
DATE:

IGBT BASED – SINGLE PHASE PWM INVERTER

AIM:
To study the behavior of IGBT based single-phase full-bridge inverter connected to R
load.

PARATUS REQUIRED:

SI.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

REQUIRED
1. PWM module
2. Multi meter
3. CRO
4. Connecting probes

MODULE DETAILS:
This unit consists of two parts:

(a) Control Circuit and

(b) Power Circuit.

A) CONTROL CIRCUIT:

This is based on 89C52 Microcontroller. 2 X 16 line LCD display to indicate and monitor the
Parameters and type of modulation. The following modulation techniques are incorporated:

a) Single pulse modulation

b) Sine triangle modulation

c) Multi pulse modulation

d) Trapezoidal modulation

88
 Model graph

Vref

Vcar

Vo

89
d) Trapezoidal modulation

e) Stair case modulation

5 keys: SET, INC, DEC, FRQ/DTY and RUN/STOP to vary and set the parameters. opto coupler
based isolation circuit to drive 4 IGBTs connected as 1-ph. Bridge Inverter.

B) POWER CIRCUIT:

This unit consists of 4 IGBT’s unit built in diodes of rating 19A/600V. All the devices are
mounted on proper heat-sink and protected by snubber circuit and fuse. All the terminals are
brought out on the front panel. In the input side a switch and a fuse are provided for DC input
24V @ 2A. The frequency can be varied from 20Hz to 100Hz. The duty can be varied from 0%
to 100%. Carrier frequency – 9 pulses per each half cycle

PROCEDURE:

A. CONTROL CIRCUIT

1. Switch ON the mains supply of the controller unit. The LCD display shows 1-ph PWM
inverter with modulation type and M- (Duty cycle or modulation index) 00 and F-100 Hz and in
OFF position.

2. When M-00 Blinks, press INC key to set the duty cycle from 00- 100%.

3. Press FRQ/DTY key and select F-100. When F-100 blinks, use INC and DEC key to increase
or decrease the frequency from 20Hz to 100Hz.

4. After setting the duty cycle and frequency, press RUN/STOP key. Now the driver O/Ps pulses
are available at O/Ps are comes to OFF with soft stop.

5. Set the modulation type to other type and check the outputs

6. Check the driver outputs for different types of modulation. Make sure that the driver outputs
are proper before connecting to the power circuit.

NOTE: The SET key works only when it is in OFF position. This is to avoid change of
modulation type when the power circuit is ON.

90
B. POWER CIRCUIT

1. Make the connections as given in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect DC supply from 30V/2A regulated power supply unit.

3. Connect a resistive load – 50 ohms or 100 ohms 2 Amps Rheostat at load terminals.

4. Connect driver output signals to the Gate and Emitter of corresponding IGBTs.

5. Switch ON the DC supply.

6. Switch ON the driver outputs and observe the output voltage across the load.

RESULT:

The behavior of IGBT based single phase full bridge inverter was studied.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by inverter?

2. What are the two main types of inverter?
3. Discuss how output power in single-phase full bridge inverter is doubled than that of
single phase half bridge inverter.
4. How to overcome the problem of half-bridge using full bridge.
5. What is meant by feedback diodes

91
92