LABORATORY MANUAL

POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY (R18A0287)

IV B.Tech I – SEM (EEE)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
(Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE - - ISO 9001:2015 Certified)
Accredited by NBA & NAAC – ‘A’ Grade
NIRF India Ranking 2018, Accepted by MHRD, Govt. of India
 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Lab users should maintain professional and courteous communication. Electronic

devices should be used on a professional level. No obnoxious or belligerent
behavior will be tolerated.
2. Activities in the lab(s) that are considered by the lab aides to be abusive to the
software, hardware, and\or personnel may result in expulsion from the lab(s) and
denial of future use of the lab(s).
3. Software may be installed by Computer Labs staff only. Do not install any software
on your own. Files not put on by Computer Labs staff will be routinely removed.
4. Do not modify any software or files. Do not overwrite the operating system, modify
the autoexec.bat or config.sys or any other system parameters.
5. Respect the equipment. Do not remove or disconnect parts, cables, or labels.
6. Personal Internet use for chat rooms, instant messaging (IM), or email is strictly
prohibited.
7. Do not personalize the computer settings. (This includes desktop, screen saver,
etc.)
8. Chewing gum, food, or drinks are not allowed in the computer lab or anywhere
near a computer.
9. Students must not disturb or distract others by conducting themselves in an
unacceptable manner.
10. Log-off — leave the computer ready for the next person to use. Pick-up your
materials and push in the chair.
 CONTENTS

Page
S.No Date Name of the Experiment Marks Sign
No.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Average marks / Grade :

Signature of Lab In-charge

 POWER SYSTEMS LAB
IV B.Tech I – SEM

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

1. Perform testing of CT, PT's and Insulator strings

2. To find sequence impedances of 3-Φ synchronous machine and Transformer
3. To perform fault analysis on Transmission line models and Generators.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

1. Perform various load flow techniques

2. Understand Different protection methods

3. Analyze the experimental data and draw the conclusions.

POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

CONTENTS

S.NO. LIST OF THE EXPERIMENTS

1 Characteristics of IDMT Over Current Relay.

2 Differential protection of 1-Φ transformer.

3 Characteristics of Micro Processor based Over Voltage/Under Voltage

relay.

4 Testing of CT, PT’s and Insulator strings.

8 Power circle diagrams of a 3-Φ transmission line model.

9 ABCD constants and Regulation of a 3-Φ transmission line model.

10 Formation of YBUS.

11 Formation of ZBUS.

12 Load Flow Analysis using Gauss Seidal (GS) Method.

13 Load Flow Analysis using Newton-Raphson (NR) Method.

14 Load Flow Analysis using Fast Decoupled (FD) Method.

POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

EXPERIMENT.NO.1

1. CHARACTERISTICS OF IDMT OVER CURRENT RELAY

AIM:
To study the Operation of a Non- Directional (I D M T relay) and plot the inverse time
current characteristics.

APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 IDMT Over current relay kit - - 01

2 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:
IDMT relay is inverse definite minimum time relay. It is one in which Time of operation is
inversely proportional to magnitude of fault current near pickup value and becomes substantially
constant slightly above the pickup value of the Relay. Fault current and measure relay operation time
is used to conduct the experiment. Values recorded for various TSMs and PSMs. Characteristics
studied with the help of a graph and correlated with theory.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

PROCEDURE:-

1. Switch ON the MCB.

2. Initially rotor switch should be in OFF position.
3. Now set the described fault current by using the relay current setting. For that switch ON the rotor
switch and move the current till the described fault current is indicated in the ammeter.
4. Now move the rotor switch to OFF position and press the green button. Note down the time in
seconds after relay operated.
5. Repeat the same procedure for various T.S.M and P.S.M
6. Plot the graph between time taken for relay to operate Vs P.S.M for various T.S.M.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Disc must be stationary before applying fault current.
2. TSM setting must be changed with due care.

READINGS AND TABULAR FORMS:-

PSM = TSM =
SNO. Fault Current Time of operation
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MODEL GRAPH:-

RESULT:

The characteristics of IDMT over current relay are observed and drawn on the graph

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. Why CT is required in this experiment?

2. Can we design the experiment without Current Injection Unit?
3. What is TSM & PSM and why different TSM & PSM?
4. Identify different terminals of the relay and explain their use. Write them in your record.
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

EXPERIMENT NO.2

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF 1-Φ TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To study the differential protection scheme for a single phase transformer with unequal turn’s
ratio
APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

Differential Protection of 1-Φ
1 - - 01
Transformer
2 Rheostat 50Ω/5A - 01
3 Ammeter (0-5)A MI 01
4 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:
A Differential relay responds to vector difference between two or more similar electrical
quantities. From this definition the Differential relay has at least two actuating quantities say
1-1 and 2-1. The two or more actuating quantities should be same.
Ex: Current/Current.
The Relay responds to vector difference between 1-1 &2-1which includes magnitude and /or
phase angle difference. Differential protection is generally unit protection. The protection zone is
exactly determined by location of CTs. The vector difference is actuated by suitable connection of
CTs or PTs secondaries. Most differential relays are current differential relays in which vector
difference between current entering the winding & current leaving the winding is used for relay
operation. Differential protection is used for protection of Generators, Transformers etc. Internal
fault is created using switch and relay operation observed for various TSMs. Relay operations for
external faults can also be studied.
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POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in fig.
2. Select the transformation ratio 2:1 and the C.T. ratios of 2:1 and 4:1Set PSM of the relay equal to
0.5.
3. Apply rated voltage 230V to primary by varying the variac.
4. Without applying fault, note down different meter readings.
5. By applying load observe whether the relay is operating or not.
6. Now close the switch so as to create an internal fault.
7. Note the various ammeter readings when relay operates.
8. Create internal fault at different loads and note the various meter readings.
9. Now create an external fault and observe whether the relay operates or not, note the various meter
readings.
READINGS AND TABULAR FORM:
For Internal Fault
S.No I Primary ISecondary I relay I fault Relay operates
/doesn’t operate
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For External Fault

S.No I Primary I secondary I relay I fault Relay
operates/doesn’t
operate

RESULT:
The Differential protection of single phase transformer was demonstrated and verified.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. Why identical CTs are required in this scheme.

2. How would you take CT in balances into account.
3. What do you understand by internal fault.
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

EXPERIMENT NO.3

CHARACTERISTICS OF MICRO PROCESSOR BASED OVER VOLTAGE

/UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY.
AIM:
To study the operation of Microprocessor Based Over Voltage/Under Voltage and hence to
obtain inverse time/voltage characteristics.

APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

Micro Processor Based Over Voltage
1 - - 01
/Under Voltage Relay kit
2 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:

Over Voltage/Under Voltage Relay is an electronic microcontroller based single-phase

voltage relay. It is suitable for over voltage/under voltage protection schemes in LV, MV and HV
power distribution systems. It is also suitable for over voltage protection of AC circuits, capacitors,
machines such as generators, synchronous motor and under voltage protection of AC circuits,
Induction motors, automatic change over schemes etc.
The microcontroller-based design offers a wide range of Trip-Time characteristics, under
voltage or over voltage mode and PT rating (110V, 240V, 415V), which can all be selected in the
field at the time of commissioning. It accepts very wide auxiliary supply range.
Relay is designed for flush mounting. It is very compact in size, which results in saving of
panel space. Its draw-out construction makes installation and maintenance very easy.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the MCB

2. Initially Rotary switch should be in OFF position
3. Now to set the desired fault voltage using voltage source. For that switch ON the Rotary switch
marked as voltage set and move the voltage source till the desired fault voltage is indicated on the
voltmeter, it is quite possible that while adjusting the fault voltage the Relay might trip, for that you
have to RESET the RELAY by pressing the red button provided on the relay denoted by (RELAY
RESET) for resetting the relay the Rotary switch must be brought in OFF position.
4. Now the desired Fault voltage is SET and Relay RESET. Now move the Toggle Switch to OFF
position and press the yellow push button and timer counting will start and counting will STOP once
the relay is operated. Note down the time in seconds.
5. note down the time taken by the relay to operate for various T.M.S (Time Multiplier Setting) and
Voltage setting at various fault voltages.

READINGS AND TABULAR FORM:

S.No. T.M.S Voltage Setting Applied Voltage Operating Time

MODEL GRAPH:-
Plot the graph between operating time Vs applied voltage.
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

CALCULATIONS:
Setting of Fault voltage Level:
Vs = 1-(0.05+∑a) Vn,

Where,
Vs = Pick up setting in volts
Vn = PT rating 110V
a = weight of the switch in ON position
Note: In Under voltage mode, continuing with above example, the pick up setting becomes
Vs=(1-0.30) =70% of Vn. For 110 volts Vn, the pick up voltage becomes 77 volts. If Vn=415, then
pick up voltage becomes 290.5 volts. Where voltages below this set value, relay picks up and trips
according to selected trip time characteristics.
The trip time will depend upon:
a) Trip time characteristic selected and magnitude of fault in case of Inverse Trip Time
Characteristics.
b) Define Time in case of Definite Time Characteristics.
Time Multiplier Settling:
This feature offers various operations of Trip Time for a selected Trip Time Characteristic.
The Time Multiplication Factor can be set from 0.1 to 1.6 in steps of 0.1 using the last block of four
DIP switches. This means in case of Inverse Trip Time Characteristics. Relay offers 16 parallel
curves corresponding to each Time Multiplier Setting and in case of Definite Trip Time mode, the
trip time can be set 100 msec to 160 secs.
Trip time T is given by formula

T = K (0.1+∑t) where
T = Trip time in seconds.
K = Constant depending on Trip Time Characteristic selected
Normal Inverse (3.5 secs) in OV mode when fault is 2V s
Normal Inverse (5.7 secs) in UV mode when fault is 0.5V s.
1.0 Definite Time (1.0 sec)
10.0 Definite Time (10 sec)
100.0 Definite Time (100 sec)
t=weight of the switches in ON position

RESULT:
The characteristics of over voltage/under voltage relay are observed and drawn on the graph
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

EXPERIMENT NO.4

4. A.TESTING OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER AND POTENTIALTRANSFORMER

AIM:
To study the performance of current and potential Transformers.

APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeters 0 – 20A Digital 2
2 Voltmeters 0 – 500V Digital 2
20/5A C.T --- 1
3 Current transformer(C.T)
10/5A C.T --- 1
400/100V P.T --- 1
4 Potential transformer(P.T)
200/100V P.T --- 1
5 Connecting wires ---- --- As required

THEORY:
Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value and provide a
convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electrical current flowing in an AC transmission line
using a standard ammeter. The principal of operation of a basic current transformer is slightly
different from that of an ordinary voltage transformer. Current transformers can reduce or “step-
down” current levels from thousands of amperes down to a standard output of a known ratio to either
5 Amps or 1 Amp for normal operation. Thus, small and accurate instruments and control devices
can be used with CT’s because they are insulated away from any high-voltage power lines. There are
a variety of metering applications and uses for current transformers such as with Wattmeter’s, power
factor meters, watt-hour meters, protective relays, or as trip coils in magnetic circuit breakers, or
MCB’s.
Potential transformer or voltage transformer gets used in electrical power system for stepping
down the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low ratings meters and relays.
Commercially available relays and meters used for protection and metering, are designed for low
voltage. This is a simplest form of potential transformer definition. Potential transformer theory is
just like a theory of general purpose step down transformer. Primary of this transformer is connected
across the phase and ground. Just like the transformer used for stepping down purpose, potential
transformer i.e. PT has lower turns winding at its secondary. The system voltage is applied across
the terminals of primary winding of that transformer, and then proportionate secondary voltage
appears across the secondary terminals of the PT. The secondary voltage of the PT is generally 110
V. In an ideal potential transformer or voltage transformer, when rated burden gets connected across
the secondary; the ratio of primary and secondary voltages of transformer is equal to the turns ratio
and furthermore, the two terminal voltages are in precise phase opposite to each other. But in actual
transformer, there must be an error in the voltage ratio as well as in the phase angle between primary
and secondary voltages.
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

A) CURRENT TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Give connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply rated current to primary side of CT.
3. Note down ammeter readings.
4. Connect ammeter in secondary side of CT.
5. Note down the secondary ammeter readings.
6. Observe CT performance by doing above procedure.
TABULAR COLUMN:

CT CT
S.No C.T Range
Primary Current (A) Secondary Current (A)
1 20/5A C.T
2 10/5A C.T

B) POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

PROCEDURE:
1. Give connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply rated voltage to primary side of PT.
3. Note down voltmeter readings.
4. Connect voltmeter in secondary side of PT.
5. Note down the secondary voltmeter readings.
6.Observe PT performance by doing above procedure.

TABULAR COLUMN:
PT PT
S.No P.T Range
Primary Voltage (V) Secondary Voltage (V)
1 400/100V P.T
2 200/100V P.T

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid loose connections

2. While removing connecting wires be careful

RESULT:
The performance of CT & PT was studied by performing above experiment & their
performance was found to be satisfactory

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. Why secondary of CT is not kept open?
2. What do you know about ratio error & phase angle error?
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

4. B. TESTING OF STRING INSULATOR

AIM:
To determine string efficiency of suspension insulator with and without guard ring.

APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Quantity

1. 1-Phase Auto transformer. 100Volt/1Amp 01
2. Digital Voltmeter. 300Volt 01
3. MCB Protection. 20A 01
4. Fuse Protection. 1A 01
5. Capacitors. 2 micro Farad 03
6. Capacitors. 10 micro Farad 04
7. Capacitors. 1 micro Farad 03
8. Connecting wires. --- As required

THEORY:
A string of suspension insulators consists of a number of porcelain discs connected in series
through metallic links. Fig. 1 (i) shows string of suspension insulators. The porcelain portion of each
disc is in between two metal links as shown in Fig. 1 (ii). Therefore, each disc forms a capacitor C as
shown in Fig. 1 (iii). This is known as mutual capacitance or self-capacitance. However, in actual
practice, capacitance also exists between metal fitting of each disc and tower or earth. This is known
as shunt capacitance C1. Due to shunt capacitance, charging current is not the same through all the
discs of the string [See Fig. 1 (iii)]. Therefore, voltage across each disc will be different. Obviously,
the disc nearest to the line conductor will have the maximum voltage. Thus referring to Fig. 1 (iii),
V1 will be much more than V2 or V3.
The following points may be noted regarding the potential distribution over string of suspension
insulators:
(i) The voltage impressed on a string of suspension insulators does not distribute itself uniformly
across the individual discs due to the presence of shunt capacitance.
(ii) The disc nearest to the conductor has maximum voltage across it. As we move towards the
Cross-arm, the voltage across each disc goes on decreasing.
(iii) The unit nearest to the conductor is under maximum electrical stress and is likely to be
punctured. Therefore, means must be provided to equalize the potential across each unit.
(iv) If the voltage impressed across the string were d.c, then voltage across each unit would be the
same. It is because insulator capacitances are ineffective for d.c.
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

String Efficiency:
The ratio of voltage across the whole string to the product of number of discs and the voltage
across the disc nearest to the conductor is known as string efficiency.
Voltage across the string
String efficiency =
n × Voltage across disc nearest to conductor
Where n = number of discs in the string.
String efficiency is an important consideration since it decides the potential distribution along the
string. The greater the string efficiency, the more uniform is the voltage distribution. Thus 100%
string efficiency is an ideal case for which the voltage across each disc will be exactly the same.
Although it is impossible to achieve 100% string efficiency, yet efforts should be made to improve it
as close to this value as possible.
Methods to Improve String Efficiency:
i) By using longer cross-arms
ii) By grading the insulators.
iii) By using a guard ring

The potential across each unit in a string can be equalized by using a guard ring which is a
metal ring electrically connected to the conductor and surrounding the bottom insulator . The guard
ring introduces capacitance between metal fittings and the line conductor. The guard rings contoured
in such a way that shunt capacitance currents i1, i2 etc. are equal to metal fitting line capacitance
currents i′1, i′2 etc. The result is that same charging current I flows through each unit of string.
Consequently, there will be uniform potential distribution across the units.
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WITHOUT GUARD RING

MCB Fuse C1 C E4 STRING

S4
C E3
C1
S3 E
1 Phase,
230V, 50 Hz, E2
C
AC Supply C1
S2

1-Phase, C E1
G
0 – 230 V S1
Variac
Fig 3: Without Guard Ring

WITH GUARD RING STRING

C1 C E4 C2
MCB Fuse S7 S10
S4
C E3
C1 S8 C2 S11
S3
1 Phase,
230V, 50 Hz, C E2
AC Supply C1 C2
S2 S9 S12

1-Phase, G C E1
0 – 110 V S1
Variac

GUARD
RING
Fig 4: With Guard Ring

PROCEDURE:
Without Guard Ring:
1. Connect the circuit as per the Fig. 3. From one of the Variac output terminals connect to terminals
S1 and other Variac output terminal to G as shown in Fig. 3.
2. Apply voltage from the Variac across the string in steps of 20V starting from 30V to 110V.
3. Measure the voltage across S1 and S2(which is to be noted as E1); S2 and S3(which is to be noted
as E2); S3 and S4(which is to be noted as E3) ; S4 to G( which is to be noted as E4)
4. Tabulate the voltages E1 to E4 in the tabular column 1.
5. Calculate the string efficiency without guard ring.
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

With Guard Ring:

1. Connect the circuit as per the Fig. 4.From one of the Variac output terminals connect to terminals
S1 and other Variac output terminal to G. To connect the guard ring to the string, connect the
terminals S4-S7, S3-S8, S2-S9 and also make connections between S1-S10, S1-S11 and S1-S12
2. Apply voltage from the Variac across the string in steps of 20V starting from 30V to 110V.
3. Measure the voltage across S1 and S2(which is to be noted as E1); S2 and S3(which is to be noted
as E2); S3 and S4(which is to be noted as E3) ; S4 to G( which is to be noted as E4)
4. Tabulate the voltages E1 to E4 in the tabular column 2.
5. Calculate the string efficiency with guard ring.

CALCULATIONS: 
String Effciency  Voltage across the string
number of units in the string Voltage across the unit near the power conductor

TABULAR COLUMNS:
Without Guard Ring:
Table 1
E E1 E2 E3 E4 String Efficiency

With Guard Ring:

Table 2
E E1 E2 E3 E4 String Efficiency

RESULT:
The string efficiency of the given insulator string was found to be %
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

EXPERIMENT NO.5

5. POWER CIRCLE DIAGRAMS OF A 3-Φ TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL

AIM:
To draw the power circle diagrams of a 3-φ transmission line model.
APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Quantity

1. 3 Phase Transmission Line Model kit -- 01
2. 3 phase Variac (0-420)V 01
3. Wattmeters 10A/600V,UPF 04
4. Connecting wires. --- As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connection as per the Circuit Diagram.
2. Switch ON the supply and adjust rated voltage, note down voltage, Current and power at sending
end and receiving end at no load.
3. Vary the load in steps and note down the voltage, Current and power at sending end and receiving
end
At different loads of (A) Resistive load (B) inductive load (C) capacitive.
4.Draw the receiving end current vector at different loads and add the tips of the vector for current
locus
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

TABULAR FORM:

FOR RESISTIVE LOAD

S.NO Vs IS Ws Vr Ir Wr Regulation Efficiency

Similarly for other loads.

CALCULATIONS:

% Efficiency = (W receiving / W sending) * 100

% Voltage Regulation = [(VNL-VFL)/VFL]*100

Where VNL = Voltage at receiving end at no load.
VFL = Voltage at receiving end at particular load.

Receiving end power factor COSɸR=[WR/(√3*VR*IR)]

Receiving end current vector IR=IR angle of(ɸR)

RESULT:
The power circle diagrams of a 3-φ transmission line model was drawn.
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

EXPERIMENT NO.6

6. ABCD CONSTANTS AND REGULATION OF 3 PHASE TRANSMISSION LINE

AIM:
To determine ABCD constants and regulation of a 3 phase transmission line.
APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Quantity

1. 3 Phase Transmission Line Model kit -- 01
2. 3 phase Variac (0-420)V 01
3. Connecting wires. --- As required

THEORY:
If a transmission line is erected, the constants are measured by conducting the OC & SC tests
at the two ends of the line. In a four terminal passive network the voltage and current on the
receiving end and sending end are related by the following pair of equations:
Vs = AVr + BIr
Is = CVr + DIr
where A, B, C, D are called the constants of the network. The transmission line is also a four
terminal network
.From equation A= Vs / Vr (Ir=0)
This means A is the voltage impressed at the sending end per volt at the receiving end when
receiving end is open. It is dimensionless.
B= Vs/Ir (Vr=0)
B is the voltage impressed at the sending end to have one ampere at the short circuited receiving end.
This is known as transfer impedance in network theory.
C= Is /Vr (Ir=0)
C is the current in amperes into the sending end per volt on the open-circuited receiving end.It has
the dimension of admittance.
D= Is/Ir (Vr=0)
D is the current at the sending end for one ampere of current at the short circuited receiving end. The
constants A, B, C and D are related for a passive network as follows: AD – BC = 1
The ABCD constants can be used for calculation of regulation of the line as follows:
Then determine sending end voltage using relation
Vs = AVr + BIr
To determine Vr ′ the no load voltage at the receiving end, is made use of
Vr′ = Vs/A, when Ir = 0
% regulation = [(Vr ′-Vr)/ Vr]*100.
% regulation = [((Vs/A)-Vr)/ Vr]*100.
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
Open circuit test:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Open circuit at the receiving end of the transmission line.
3. With the help of 3 phase variac set the rated voltage as input to the transmission line and measure
the sending end and receiving end voltage and currents.
Short circuit test:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Short circuit at the receiving end of the transmission line.
3. With the help of 3 phase variac set the rated current as input to the transmission line and measure
the sending end and receiving end voltage and currents.

TABULAR FORM:
S.NO TYPE VS IS VR IR
1 Open circuit 415V 0A
2 Short circuit 2A 0V
CALCULATIONS:

A= Vs / Vr (Ir=0)
B= Vs/Ir (Vr=0)
C= Is /Vr (Ir=0)
D= Is/Ir (Vr=0)
%Voltage regulation = [((Vs/A)-Vr)/ Vr]*100.

RESULT:
ABCD constants and voltage regulation of a 3 phase transmission line were determined.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. What are A,B,C,D constants?
2. Prove AD-BC = 1
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

EX.NO:7 FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX

AIM:
To form the bus admittance matrix (Ybus) for a given power system using
MATLAB program.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB software package

THEORY

Formation of Y BUS matrix

Bus admittance matrix is often used in power system studies. In most of power system
studies it is necessary to form Y-bus matrix of the system by considering certain power system
parameters depending upon the type of analysis. For example in load flow analysis it is
necessary to form Y-bus matrix without taking into account the generator impedance and load
impedance. In short circuit analysis the generator transient reactance and transformer
impedance taken in account, in addition to line data. Y-bus may be computed by inspection
method only if there is no natural coupling between the lines. Shunt admittance are added to
the diagonal elements corresponding to the buses at which these are connected. The off
diagonal elements are unaffected. The equivalent circuit of tap changing transformer may be
considered in forming[y- bus] matrix.
There are b independent equations (b = no. of buses) relating the bus vectors of
currents and voltages through the bus impedance matrix and bus admittance matrix:
EBUS = ZBUS
IBUS IBUS =
YBUS EBUS
The relation of equation can be represented in the form
IBUS = YBUS EBUS
Where, YBUS is the bus admittance matrix, IBUS & EBUS are the bus current and bus
voltage vectors respectively.
Diagonal elements: A diagonal element (Yii) of the bus admittance matrix, YBUS, is equal
to the sum total of the admittance values of all the elements incident at the bus/node i,
Off Diagonal elements: An off-diagonal element (Yij) of the bus admittance matrix, YBUS,
is equal to the negative of the admittance value of the connecting element present between
the buses I and j, if any.
This is the principle of the rule of inspection. Thus the algorithmic equations for the rule of
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

inspection are obtained as:

Yii = Σ yij (j = 1,2,…….n)
Yij = - yij (j = 1,2,…….n)

For i = 1,2,….n, n = no. of buses of the given system, yij is the admittance of
element connected between buses i and j and yii is the admittance of element
connected between bus i and ground (reference bus).

ALGORITHM:

STEP1: Read all the data namely R and X for the system.

STEP2: Calculate the mutual or transfer reactance for the reactance between i and j and
i=j= 1, 2, 3, 4…

STEP3: Calculate the self- admittance or point admittance bus i=1, 2, 3, 4…

STEP4: Output the Y-bus matrix.

STEP5: Print the result

PROBLEM

Form the Ybus matrix for the given power system. Write and execute a MATLAB
program and also verify the output with the manual calculation results.
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

FLOWCHART:

START

Read the no. Of buses , no of

lines and line data

Initialize the Y- BUS Matrix

Consider line l = 1

i = sb(1); I= eb(1)

Y(i,i) =Y(i,i)+Yseries(l) +0.5Yseries(l)

Y(j,j) =Y(j,j)+Yseries(l) +0.5Yseries(l)
Y(i,j) = -Yseries(l)
Y(j,i) =Y(i,j)

NO YES
Is l =NL?

l = l+1 Print Y -Bus

Stop
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

PROGRAM:

clear all;
clc;
n= input('Enter the number of buses');
fprintf('Enter your choice');
p= input ('1. impedance, 2. admittance');
if (p==1)
for q= 1:n
for r=q+1:n
fprintf('Enter the impedance value between %d-%d',q,r);
z(q,r)=input(':');
if (z(q,r)==0)
y(q,r)=0;
else
y(q,r)=inv(z(q,r));
end
y(r,q)= y(q,r);
fprintf('enter the half line charging admittance');
x(q,r)= input(':');
x(r,q)=x(q,r);
end
end
elseif (p==2)
for a= 1:n
for b=a+1:n
fprintf('Enter the admittance value between %d-%d',a,b);
y(a,b)=input(':');
y(b,a)= y(a,b);
fprintf('enter the half line charging admittance');
x(a,b)= input(':');
x(b,a)=x(a,b);
end
end
else
fprintf('enter the correct choice');
end
tr=zeros(n,n);
fprintf('Off-Nominal Tap ratio exists in the system? Enter 1.Yes
2.No');
o= input(':');
if(o==1)
for k=1:n
for l=k+1:n
fprintf('Transformer tap for %d-%d exists? 1.Yes 2.No',k,l)
g=input(':');
if(g==1)
fprintf('Enter the choice 1.1:a 2.a:1 ?')
d=input(':');
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

fprintf('Enter the tap ratio value(a) between %d-%d',k,l);

t(k,l)=input(':');
if (t(k,l)==0)
tr(k,k)=0;
tr(k,l)=0;
else
yse=y(k,l)/t(k,l);
ysh1=((1-t(k,l))/(t(k,l)^2))*y(k,l);
ysh2=((t(k,l)-1)/t(k,l))*y(k,l);
end
if (d == 1)
tr(k,k)=yse+ysh2;
tr(l,l)=yse+ysh1;
tr(k,l)=yse;
tr(l,k)=tr(k,l);
else
tr(k,k)=yse+ysh1;
tr(l,l)=yse+ysh2;
tr(k,l)=yse;
tr(l,k)=tr(k,l);
end
y(k,l)=0;
y(l,k)=y(k,l);
end
end
end
end
for s=1:n
fprintf('enter the self admittance of the bus %d',s);
u(s)=input(':');
end
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for a = 1:n
for b=1:n
if (a==b)
for c = 1:n
ybus(a,a)= ybus(a,a)+ y(a,c)+x(a,c);
end
else
ybus(a,b)=-y(b,a);
end
end
ybus(a,a)=ybus(a,a)+u(a);
end
for r=1:n
for h = 1:n
if(r==h)
ybus(r,r)=ybus(r,r)+tr(r,r);
else
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

ybus(r,h)=-(y(r,h)+tr(r,h));
end
end
end
ybus

EXECUTION:

OUTPUT:

Enter number of

buses4 Number of

lines5

1. Impedance or

2:Admittance1 Starting

bus: 1

Ending bus: 2

Admittance or Impedance of line:

0.1+0.4i Line charging admittance:

0.015i

Starting bus: 2

Ending bus: 3

Admittance or Impedance of line:

0.15+0.6i Line charging

admittance: 0.02i

Starting bus: 3

Ending bus: 4

Admittance or Impedance of line:

0.18+0.55i Line charging

admittance: 0.018i
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

Starting bus: 4

Ending bus: 1

Admittance or Impedance of line:

0.1+0.35i Line charging

admittance: 0.012i

Starting bus: 4

Ending bus: 2

Admittance or Impedance of line:

0.25+0.2i Line charging

admittance: 0.03i

Y bus =

1.3430 - 4.9810i -0.5882 + 2.3529i 0 -0.7547 + 2.6415i

-0.5882 + 2.3529i 3.4194 - 5.8403i -0.3922 + 1.5686i -2.4390 + 1.9512i

0 -0.3922 + 1.5686i 0.9296 - 3.1919i -0.5375 + 1.6423i

-0.7547 + 2.6415i -2.4390 + 1.9512i -0.5375 + 1.6423i 3.7312 - 6.2050i

POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

RESULT:
Thus, the formation of bus admittance matrix is done by using MATLAB and
the output is verified for the given power system.
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

EX.NO: 8 FORMATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX

AIM:
To form the bus impedance matrix (Zbus) for a given power system using
MATLAB program.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB software package

THEORY:

Z-Bus matrix is an important matrix used in different kinds of power system studies
such as short circuit study, load flow study, etc.

In short circuit analysis, the generator and transformer impedances must be taken into
account. In contingency anal y bus, the shunt elements are neglected while forming the Z-Bus
matrix, which is used to compute the outage distribution factors.

This can be easily obtained by inverting the Ybus formed by inspection method or by
analytical method. Taking inverse of the Ybus for large systems is time consuming; moreover,
modification in the system requires the whole process to be repeated to reflect the changes in
the system. In such cases, the Z-Bus is computed by Z-Bus building algorithm.

ALGORITHM:
It in the step by step programmable technique which place’s branch by branch.
It is the advantage that modification of the network does not require complete rebuilding
of Z bus.

STEP1: Start the new document, give a impedance value

STEP2: Choose the type of bus in a network

1- Start the new network.

2- Adding a new bus to reference bus
3- Adding a new bus to already existing bus
4- Adding a new element between already existing bus and reference bus
5- Adding a element between two existing bus
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

STEP3: Build the Z bus for the given network & print the Z bus matrix

PROBLEM:

Form the Zbus matrix for the given power system. Write and execute a MATLAB
program and also verify the output with the manual calculation results.

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
e = input('enter the no of elements:');
disp('1.Btwn a new node and reference');
disp('2.Btwn a new node and existing node');
disp('3.Btwn an existing node and reference');
disp('4.Btwn two existing nodes');
zb=complex(0,0);
zt=complex(0,0);
for i=1:e
if(i==1)
a=0;
else
[a,c]=size(zb);
end
b=a+1;
disp(['elements no:',num2str(i)]);
ty(i)=input('enter the type of element:');
z(i)=input('enter the impedance value:');
s(i)=input('enter the starting node:');
t(i)=input('enter the ending node:');
if(ty(i)==1)
zb(b,b)=z(i);
for j=1:a
zb(j,b)=0;
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

zb(b,j)=0;
end
disp(zb);
elseif(ty(i)==2)
zb(b,b)=z(i)+zb(t(i),t(i));
for j=1:a
zb(b,j)=zb(t(i),j);
zb(j,b)=zb(j,t(i));
end
disp(zb);
elseif(ty(i)==3)
zb(b,b)=z(i)+zb(s(i),s(i));
for j=1:a
zb(b,j)=zb(s(i),j);
zb(j,b)=zb(j,s(i));
end
w=zb(b,b);
for j=1:a
for k=1:a
zt(j,k)=complex(0,0);
zt(j,k)=zb(j,k)-(zb(j,b)*zb(b,k))/w;
end
end
zb=zt;
disp(zb);
elseif(ty(i)==4)
zb(b,b)=z(i)+zb(s(i),s(i))+zb(t(i),t(i))-2*zb(s(i),t(i));
for j=1:a
zb(j,b)=zb(j,s(i))-zb(j,t(i));
zb(b,j)=zb(s(i),j)-zb(t(i),j);
end
w=zb(b,b);
for j=1:a
for k=1:a
zt(j,k)=complex(0,0);
zt(j,k)=zb(j,k)-(zb(j,b)*zb(b,k))/w;
end
end
zb=zt;
else
disp('wrong data');
end
end
disp('bus impedance matrix');
disp(zb);
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

EXECUTION:

OUTPUT:

Enter the total no. of buses excluding

reference bus3 Enter the Zbus value1i

Enter the 2nd bus no.:2

Enter the reactance

value: .25i Enter the bus

number: 2

Enter reactance

value: 1.25i Enter

the 2nd bus no.:3

Enter the reactance

value: 0.05i End the

program

zbus =

0 + 0.6000i 0 + 0.5000i 0 + 0.5000i

0 + 0.5000i 0 + 0.6250i 0 + 0.6250i

0 + 0.5000i 0 + 0.6250i 0 + 0.6750i

End the program

POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

RESULT:
Thus, the formation of bus impedance matrix is done by using MATLAB
and the output is verified for the given power system.
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

EX.NO: 9 LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM

USING GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD

AIM:
To find load flow analysis using Gauss-Seidal method in MATLAB

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB software package

THEORY:
Load flow analysis is the study conducted to determine the steady state operating
condition of the given system under given conditions. A large number of numerical algorithms
have been developed and Gauss Seidel method is one of such algorithm.

ALGORITHM:
STEP1: The slack bus voltage magnitude and angle are measured usually V1 =1 p.u. with
the load profile known at each bus, we allocate Pi and Qi to all generating
Stations with this step, bus injections (Pi+Qi) are known at all buses other than
the slack bus.
STEP2: Assembly of bus admittance matrix: with the line and shunt admittance data
stored in the computer . Y bus is assembled by using the algorithm developed
earlier . Alternatively bus is assembled using Y bus= ATYA where the input is
in the form of primitive admittance matrix Y and singular connection bus
incidence matrix A

STEP3: Iterative computation of bus voltages (Vi, i=1,2….n) to start iteration a set of
initial values is assumed, since in a power system the voltage spread is not too
wide, it is normal practice to use a flat voltage start, i.e. initially all voltages are
set equal to (1+j0) expect slack bus voltage which is fixed . this reduced the n
equations in complex number which are to solved iteratively for finding complex
voltages V2,V3,...Vn. If complex no options are not available in a computer, the
equation is real unknown js

Vi=ei +jfi= Vi ΣjΣl,

We also define,
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

Ai=Pi-jQi/Yii=2, ......... n

Bik=Yik I=2, ........ k#i

Now for (r+1) the iteration the voltage becomes,

Vi(r+1) =[Ai /(Vir) * -Σi-1 (Bik Vk(r+1) -Σbik Vk r]

The iterative process is continued till the change in magnitude of bus voltage
|ΔVi(r+1)

Between two consecutive is less than a certain for all bus voltages i.e.,

|ΔVi (r+1) = | Vi(r+1)-Vi (r)| ≤εi=2… ........ ,n

Also we see if

|ΔVi | min ≤ |ΔVi |max I=2 .................. n

If not, we fix |ΔVi |at one of extreme values i.e.

|Δ Vi |min if |Δ Vi | ≤ |Δ Vi |min or |Δ Vi |max if |Δ Vi | ≤ |Δ Vi |

STEP4: Computation of slack bus power; substitution of all bus voltages computed in
step3 with Vi and I=1 yield real and reactive power at slack bus i.e, S1=P1+jQ1

STEP5: Computation of line flows; this is the last step in the load flow analysis where in
the power flows on the various lines of the network are computed. This also
enables us to check whether any line overloaded. Consider the line connecting
buses I and k. The line and transformer at each end can be represented by a circuit
with series admittance Yik and to shunt admittances Yiko. As the current fed by
bus Iin to the line can be expressed as

Iik = Iik1+Iik0= (Vi-Vk)Yik+ Viyik0.

POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

PROBLEM:

Figure shows the one-line diagram of a three-bus power system with generation at bus1.
The magnitude of voltage at bus1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The scheduled loads at
buses 2 & 3 are as marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a
100MVA base and the line charging susceptances are neglected. Using Gauss-Seidal
method, determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load buses 2 & 3 (PQ buses)
accurate to 4 decimal places.
i). Write and execute a MATLAB program and also verify the output with the manual
calculation results.

PROGRAM:

%----- FORMATION OF YBUS------%

clear all;
clc;
n= input('Enter the number of buses ');
fprintf('Enter your choice');
p= input ('1. impedance, 2. admittance');
if (p==1)
for q= 1:n
for r=q+1:n
fprintf('Enter the impedance value between %d-%d',q,r);
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

z(q,r)=input(':');
if (z(q,r)==0)
y(q,r)=0;
else
y(q,r)=inv(z(q,r));
end
y(r,q)= y(q,r);
end
end
elseif (p==2)
for a= 1:n
for b=a+1:n
fprintf('Enter the admittance value between %d-%d',a,b);
y(a,b)=input(':');
y(b,a)= y(a,b);
end
end
else
fprintf('enter the correct choice');
end
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for a = 1:n
for b=1:n
if (a==b)
for c = 1:n
ybus(a,a)= ybus(a,a)+ y(a,c);
end
else
ybus(a,b)=-y(b,a);
end
end
end
ybus
% BUSDATA %
busdata =input(' Bus number | 1.Slack 2.PQ 3.PV | V| angle|Pg | Qg | PL
| QL | Qmin | Qmax ');
bus = busdata(:,1);
type = busdata(:,2);
V = busdata(:,3);
th = busdata(:,4);
GenMW = busdata(:,5);
GenMVAR = busdata(:,6);
LoadMW = busdata(:,7);
LoadMVAR = busdata(:,8);
Qmin = busdata(:,9);
Qmax = busdata(:,10);
nbus = max(bus);
P = GenMW - LoadMW;
Q = GenMVAR - LoadMVAR;
Vprev = V;
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

toler = 1;
iteration = 1;
disp(' Bus number | 1.Slack 2.PQ 3.PV | V| angle|Pg | Qg | PL | QL |
Qmin | Qmax ');
busdata
ybus
%----- VOLTAGE CALCULATION------%
while (toler> 0.00001)
for i = 2:nbus
sumyv = 0;
for k = 1:nbus
if i ~= k
sumyv = sumyv + ybus(i,k)* V(k);
end
end
if type(i) == 2
Q(i) = -imag(conj(V(i))*(sumyv + ybus(i,i)*V(i)));
if (Q(i) >Qmax(i)) || (Q(i) <Qmin(i))
if Q(i) <Qmin(i)
Q(i) = Qmin(i);
else
Q(i) = Qmax(i);
end
type(i) = 3;
end
end
V(i) = (1/ybus(i,i))*((P(i)-j*Q(i))/conj(V(i)) - sumyv);
if type(i) == 2
V(i) = pol2rect(abs(Vprev(i)), angle(V(i)));
end
end
iteration = iteration + 1;
toler = max(abs(abs(V) - abs(Vprev)));
Vprev = V;
end
iteration
V
Vmag = abs(V)
Ang = 180/pi*angle(V)
sum=0;

%----- REAL AND REACTIVE POWER CALCULATION ------%

for i=1:nbus
if i==1
for f=1:nbus
sum=sum+(ybus(i,f)*V(f));
real_power(i)=(real(V(i)*sum))*100;
reactive_power(i)=-(imag(V(i)*sum))*100;
end
else
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

end
end
real_power
reactive_power
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

EXECUTION:
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

RESULT:

Thus the load flow analysis using is performed by Gauss-Seidal method and a
program is developed using MATLAB to find the solution of load flow for given power
system and the output is verified.
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

EX.NO:10 LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM

USING NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

AIM:
To develop in MATLAB to find the solution of power flows using Newton
Raphson method.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB software package

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: Assume a flat profile 1+j0 for all buses except the slack bus in the
Specified voltage and it is not modified in any iteration.

STEP 2: Assume a suitable value of ε called convergence criterion. Hence ε is

A specified change in the residue that is used to compare the actual
residue that is used to compare the actual residue at the end of each
iteration.

STEP 3: Set the iteration count K=0 and assumed voltage profile of the buses
are denoted as V10,V20……V n0.

STEP 4: Set the bus count p=1

STEP 5: Check for slack bus. If it is a slack bus then go to step 13. Otherwise
Go to next step.

STEP 6: Calculate the real & reactive power of bus p using the following
equation,
Ppk=Σk q=1p{e qk(e pqkG +f
q
k
B )+fp k(fq kGpq-e qkB )}
pq pq

Qpk=Σkq=1{fpk (e qk+G pk+f kqBpq)+e pk(f kq G k

pq-e q Bpq)}

STEP 7: Calculate the change in real power,

ΔPk=Pp spec -Pp k

Where,
Pp spec=specified real power of bus p.

STEP 8: Check for generator bus. If it is a generator bus gob to next step
otherwise go to step 12.

STEP 9: Check for generator bus. If it is a generator reactive power limit

Violation of generator buses. For this compare the calculated
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

reactive power Q with specified limits. If the limits are violated go

to step11. otherwise go to next step.

STEP 10: If the calculated reactive power is within the specified limit then
consider this bus as generator bus. Now calculate the voltage
residue using the equation

|VPK|2 =|Vp spec| -|Vpk|2

2

Where W |Vp spec| = specified voltage magnitude for generation

bus. Then go to step 13.

STEP 11: If the reactive power limit violated the treat this bus as a load bus.
Now the specified reactive power for this bus will correspond to
Limit violated

STEP 12: Calculate the change in reactive power for load bus change in
reactive power,
ΔQk=|ΔQp spec|-Qpk

STEP 13: Repeat the step 5 to 12 until all residues are calculated for
increment the bus count n. by 1 to 5 steps until the bus count is n.

STEP 14: Determine the largest of the absolute value of the residue (i.e.)
Find the largest value among ΔPp k,ΔQpk or |ΔVpk|2

STEP 15: Compare ΔE and E, if ΔE<E then go to step 20. If ΔE>E go to next
Step.

STEP 16: Determine the element, the load flow equation using kth iteration
Value.

STEP 17: Calculate the increment in real and reactive part of voltage Δe pk and
Δfpk by solving the matrix equation B=JC.

STEP 18: Calculate the new bus voltage.

STEP 19: Advance the iteration count k=k+1 and go to step 4.

STEP 20: Calculate the line flows.

POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

PROBLEM:

Figure shows the one-line diagram of a three-bus power system with generators at buses
1& 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The magnitude of
voltage at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04pu with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load
consists of 400 MW and 250 MVAR is taken from bus2. Line impedances are marked in
per unit on a 100MVA base and the line charging susceptances are neglected.

i). Obtain the load flow solution by Newton-Raphson method.

ii). Write and execute a MATLAB program and also verify the output with the manual
calculation results.

PROGRAM:

clear all;
clc;
v=[1.05;1.0;1.04];
d=[0;0;0];
ps=[-4;2.0];
qs=-2.5;
n= input('Enter the number of buses ');
fprintf('Enter your choice');
p= input ('1. impedance, 2. admittance');
if (p==1)
for q= 1:n
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

for r=q+1:n
fprintf('Enter the impedance value between %d-%d',q,r);
z(q,r)=input(':');
if (z(q,r)==0)
y(q,r)=0;
else
y(q,r)=inv(z(q,r));
end
y(r,q)= y(q,r);
end
end
elseif (p==2)
for a= 1:n
for b=a+1:n
fprintf('Enter the admittance value between %d-%d',a,b);
y(a,b)=input(':');
y(b,a)= y(a,b);
end
end
else
fprintf('enter the correct choice');
end
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for a = 1:n
for b=1:n
if (a==b)
for c = 1:n
ybus(a,a)= ybus(a,a)+ y(a,c);
end
else
ybus(a,b)=-y(b,a);
end
end
end
ybus
y=abs(ybus); t=angle(ybus);
iter=0;
pwracur=0.00025;% Power accuracy
dc=10;% Set the maximum power residual to a high value
while max(abs(dc))>pwracur
iter=iter+1
p=[v(2)*v(1)*y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-
d(2)+d(1))+v(2)^2*y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-
d(2)+d(3));
v(3)*v(1)*y(3,1)*cos(t(3,1)-
d(3)+d(1))+v(3)^2*y(3,3)*cos(t(3,3))+v(3)*v(2)*y(3,2)*cos(t(3,2)-
d(3)+d(2))];
q=-v(2)*v(1)*y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))-v(2)^2*y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))-
v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

j(1,1)=v(2)*v(1)*y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-
d(2)+d(1))+v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
j(1,2)=-v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
j(1,3)=v(1)*y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-
d(2)+d(1))+2*v(2)*y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
j(2,1)=-v(3)*v(2)*y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
j(2,2)=v(3)*v(1)*y(3,1)*sin(t(3,2)-
d(3)+d(1))+v(3)*v(2)*y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
j(2,3)=v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
j(3,1)=v(2)*v(1)*y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-
d(2)+d(1))+v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
j(3,2)=-v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(3,2)-d(2)+d(3));
j(3,3)=-v(1)*y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))-2*v(2)*y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))-
v(3)*y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
dp=ps-p;
dq=qs-q;
dc=[dp;dq]
j
dx=j\dc
d(2)=d(2)+dx(1);
d(3)=d(3)+dx(2);
v(2)=v(2)+dx(3);
v,d,delta=180/pi*d;
end
p1=v(1)^2*y(1,1)*cos(t(1,1))+v(1)*v(2)*y(1,2)*cos(t(1,2)-
d(1)+d(2))+v(1)*v(3)*y(1,3)*cos(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3));
q1=-v(1)^2*y(1,1)*sin(t(1,1))-v(1)*v(2)*y(1,2)*sin(t(1,2)-d(1)+d(2))-
v(1)*v(3)*y(1,3)*sin(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3));
q3=-v(3)*v(1)*y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))-v(3)*v(2)*y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-
d(3)+d(2))-v(3)^2*y(3,3)*sin(t(3,3));

EXECUTION:
POWER SYSTEMS LAB EEE DEPARTMENT

RESULT:

Thus the load flow analysis using is performed by Newton-Raphson method and a
program is developed using MATLAB to find the solution of load flow for given power
system and the output is verified.