BY-

▶ WBC are the most important part of the immune

system

▶ Neutrophils attack bacteria

▶ B-lymphocytes make antibodies

▶ T-lymphocytes
◦ Responsible for coordinating the immune system’s attack on
viruses, fungi and some bacteria
3
 Important components of the immune
system

Lymphocytes

T4-lymphocytes B lymphocytes

CD4 type* CD8 type Antibodies

HIV uses CD4 cells for

replication

4
5
 Envelope Glycoprotein
Transmembrane gp 120
▶ Human: Glycoprotein – gp 41
◦ Can live only in
humans

▶ Immunodeficienc
y:
◦ Damages the immune
system of people it
infects Reverse
Transcriptase

▶ Virus:
◦ Retrovirus (RNA)
Nucleoid Core protein
Viral genome RNA p 24

6
Acquired Transmitted from person to
(not born with) person

Immune It affects the body’s immune

(body’s defense system) system, the part of the body
which usually works to fight
off germs such as bacteria and
viruses
D eficiency
(not working properly) Malfunctioning of the body’s
immune system
Syndrome
(a group of signs and Someone with AIDS may
symptoms) experience a wide range of
different diseases and OIs
7
▶ HIV is a virus and AIDS is a disease

▶ HIV develops into AIDS

▶ AIDS is deficiency in the body’s defense

mechanism or immune system

▶ AIDS is acquired, not hereditary

9
➢ The first AIDS case in India was detected in 1986 at Chennai

➢ According to the (WHO), there were approximately

35 millionspeople worldwide living with HIV/AIDS in 2013. Of these, 3.2
million were children (<15 years old).

➢ 4.4 Million people living with the HIV Positive in India (2013)

➢ India has the 3rd largest no of people living with HIV at the end of 2013
➢ In India 2,52000 death are reported on 1dec.2013

➢ In M.P. 39114 peoples are living with HIV/AIDS

reported on oct.2014

➢ At the end of 2013 more then “7” lakh people were on

ARV therapy, Is the 2nd largest number of people on
treatment in any single country
▶ 6month to 6year
➢ HIV (Human Immunodeficiency
Virus)
 3. Integration into host cell’s
nucleus

4. Reproduction of
HIV viral components

1. Attachment
to host CD4
cell
5. Assembly of
new HIV
viruses
2. Reverse
transcriptase
makes DNA 6. Release
from the
virus’s RNA
 Viral replication (8-10 years)

CD4 cell death

Further impairment of immune system

Increased likelihood of
opportunistic infections (OIs)

AIDS
▶ Blood products
▶ Vaginal fluids
▶ Semen
▶ Breast milk
➢During labour, delivery
➢ Sharing Needles

➢ Unsterilized blades & razor

➢Through Sex:-(Unprotected Intercourse)

▶ Hugging

▶ Contact with sweat, tears, urine or faeces

▶ Bathing/Swimming in the same pool

▶ Sharing cooking utensils, cups, toilet seats,

bedding, telephones or towels

▶ Eating food prepared by an infected person

WHO Stage Some Typical Diseases* CD4
Count
I No symptoms or signs of any illness >500
Asymptomatic Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy

II Dermatomal Herpes (Varicella) Zoster 500 to 350

Minor Symptoms
III Oral Candidiasis, Leukoplakia, Pulmonary 350 to 200
Moderate Tuberculosis
Symptoms
IV Cytomegalovirus, Severe Chronic Herpes <200
AIDS-defining Ulcers, Toxoplasmosis.
Illness

*Staging of diseases is approximate and not the same for all individuals
➢Weight Loss
➢

Frequent Fever and sweating

➢ Persistence skin rashes & flaky skin

▶ Severe & persistence Diarrhea

▶ Vision loss

▶ Nausea

▶ Vomiting

▶
▶ HIV Antibody Tests
- HIV Rapid test

- ELISA

- Western Blot Test (Confirmatory Test)

▶ HIV Antigen Tests

- DNA PCR
- P24 Antigen
▶Note- (Provide infants with 4-6 weeks of once-daily
Nevirapine or twice-daily Zidovudine )

▶ 1. ART(Anti-retroviral )
Therapy (Anti HIV drugs)

2. Palliative care

3. Complimentary therapy

4. Guidance/Counselling
▶ Although ART dramatically improves the health and
life expectancy for PLHIV
- ART is NOT a cure for AIDS
- HIV is NEVER entirely eliminated from the
body

▶ HIV can still be transmitted to others, even when the

PLHIV is healthy and taking his/her medication
regularly

▶ ART is to be taken lifelong 28

▶ ARVs reduce the
ability of the HIV As HIV
virus to replicate replication

▶ In turn, this decreases

increases the body’s immune response
ability to fight increases
disease
▶ Alters/reverses course ▶ Improves quality of
of existing OIs life
▶ Decreases ▶ Reduces HIV
hospitalizations transmission
▶ Increases ▶ Benefits both adults
survival and children
▶ Restores hope

ARVs change HIV from a terminal

(fatal) disease to a chronic disease
2. Palliative care
 Palliative care

Symptom Spiritual
Management Management
Pain Psychosocial
Management Management

Entry End of life

Well
Continuum of care Death

34
▶ 3.COMPLEMENTARY
THERAPIES
▶ Yoga
▶ Massage
▶ Aromatherapy
▶ Relaxation Techniques
- Meditation
-Visualization ( Imagery)
▶ Laughter Therapy
▶ Music Therapy
▶ Hydrotherapy
▶ We can reduce sexual transmission of
HIV.
▶ We can prevent mothers from dying and

babies from becoming infected with HIV.

▶ We can ensure that people living with

HIV receive treatment.

▶ We can protect drug users from

becoming infected with HIV.

▶ We can remove, policies, practices,
stigma and discrimination that block
effective responses to AIDS.
▶ We can stop violence against women and
girls.
▶ We can empower young people to protect
themselves from HIV.
▶ We can enhance social protection for
people affected by HIV.
Q 1. Who is causative organism
of AIDS…?
Q 2. What is the incubation
period of AIDS..?
Q 3. What is the normal CD4 Cell count...?
Q 4. What is the full form of
ELISA…..?
Q 5. Which is confirmatory test
for HIV/AIDS...?
Q 6. Which drugs we are use
to treat AIDS..?