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Ch05 CI
Ch05 CI
1
Capacitors and Inductors
Chapter 5
5.1 Capacitors
5.2 Series and Parallel Capacitors
5.3 Inductors
5.4 Series and Parallel Inductors
5.5 First order Circuits (Part-B)
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Introduction
• Introduce two new and important passive linear circuit
elements:
• The capacitor and the inductor.
• Resistors are dissipate (disperse/Waste) energy.
• capacitors and inductors do not dissipate but store energy,
which can be retrieved at a later time.
• For this reason, capacitors and inductors are In contrast to
a resistor, which spends or dissipate- called storage
elements.
• Capacitor and inductor can store energy only and
they can neither generate nor dissipate energy.
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5.1 Capacitors (1)
• A capacitor is a passive element designed
to store energy in its electric field.
8/
5.1 Capacitors (2)
• Capacitance C is the ratio of the charge q on one
plate of a capacitor to the voltage difference v
between the two plates, measured in farads (F).
qC v A
and C
d
dv 1 t
iC
dt
and v
C
t0
i d t v(t0 )
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5.1 Capacitors (4)
• The energy, w, stored in
the capacitor is
1 2
w Cv
2
• A capacitor is
– an open circuit to dc (dv/dt = 0).
– its voltage cannot change abruptly(shortly).
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12
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5.2 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (1)
• The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected capacitors is the
sum of the individual capacitances.
C eq C1 C 2 ... C N
1 1 1 1
...
C eq C1 C 2 CN
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15
find the voltage across each capacitor for the below circuit
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Inductors
• An inductor is a passive element designed to
store energy in its magnetic field.
• Inductors find numerous applications in electronic
and power systems.
• They are used in power supplies, transformers,
radios, TVs, radars, and electric motors.
• Any conductor of electric current has inductive
properties and may be regarded as an inductor.
But in order to enhance the inductive effect,
• a practical inductor is usually formed into a
cylindrical coil with many turns of conducting wire
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5.3 Inductors (1)
• An inductor is a passive element designed
to store energy in its magnetic field.
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5.4 Inductors
• An inductor is made of a coil of
conducting wire 2
N A
L
l
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Fig 5.22
N 2 A
L
l
r 0
0 4 10 7 (H/m)
N : number of turns.
l :length.
A:cross sectional area.
: permeability of the core
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Fig 5.23
(a) air-core
(b) iron-core
(c) variable iron-core
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Flux in Inductors
• The relation between the flux in
inductor and the current through the
inductor is given below.
ψ Linear
Li Nonlinear
i
1H 1 Weber/A
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Energy Storage Form
• An inductor is a passive element
designed to store energy in the
magnetic field while a capacitor
stores energy in the electric field.
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I-V Relation of Inductors
i
• An inductor consists of a +
d di
v L
dt dt
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Physical Meaning
d di
v L
dt dt
• When the current through an inductor is a
constant, then the voltage across the
inductor is zero, same as a short circuit.
• No abrupt change of the current through
an inductor is possible except an infinite
voltage across the inductor is applied.
• The inductor can be used to generate a
high voltage, for example, used as an
igniting element.
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Fig 5.25
• An inductor are like a short circuit to dc.
• The current through an inductor cannot
change instantaneously.
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1 1 t
di vdt i v (t )dt
L L +
1 t v
L
i v(t )dt i (to )
L to -
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Energy Stored in an
Inductor
di
P vi L i +
dt
t t di v
L
w pdt L idt
dt -
i (t ) 1 2 1 2
L i ( ) i di Li (t ) Li () i () 0,
• The energy stored 2 in an inductor
2
1 2
w ( t ) Li ( t )
2 28
Model of a Practical Inductor
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Example 5.10
• Consider the
circuit in Fig
6.27(a). Under dc
conditions, find:
(a) i, vC, and iL.
(b) the energy
stored in the
capacitor and
inductor.
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Example 5.10
Solution: capacitor open circuit
(a )Under dc condition : inductor short circuit
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i iL 2 A, vc 5i 10 V
1 5
(b) 1 1
wc Cvc (1)(10 2 ) 50J,
2
2 2
1 2 1
wL Li (2)(2 2 ) 4J
2 2
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Inductors in Series
Leq L1 L 2 L3 ... L N
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Inductors in Parallel
1 1 1 1
Leq L1 L 2 LN
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• The inductor in various connection
has the same effect as the resistor.
Hence, the Y-Δ transformation of
inductors can be similarly derived.
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Example 6.11
Solution:
Solution:
10 t
(a ) i (t ) 4(2 e )mA i (0) 4(2 1) 4mA.
i1 (0) i (0) i2 (0) 4 (1) 5mA
(b) The equivalent inductance is
Leq 2 4 || 12 2 3 5H
di 10 t 10 t
v(t ) Leq 5(4)(1)(10)e mV 200e mV
dt
di 10 t 10 t
v1 (t ) 2 2(4)(10)e mV 80e mV
dt
10 t
v2 (t ) v(t ) v1(t ) 120e mV
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Example 6.12
1 t
(c) i 0 v(t ) dt i (0)
L
1 t 120 t 10t
i1 (t ) 0 v2 dt i1 (0) e dt 5 mA
4 4 0
10t t
3e 5 mA 3e 10t 3 5 8 3e 10t mA
0
1 t 120 t 10t
i2 (t ) 0 v2 dt i2 (0) e dt 1mA
12 12 0
10 t t
e 1mA e 10t 1 1 e 10t mA
0
Note that i1 (t ) i2 (t ) i (t )
Eastern Mediterranean University 40
Current and voltage relationship for
R, L, C
Current & Voltage Relationship
41