Common Health problems in

Pakistani children and their nursing

managements
Birth injuries
Birth injuries are physical injuries experienced during
childbirth, and can affect either the mother or the baby. In
newborn babies, a birth injury (often called 'neonatal birth
trauma') can include many things, from bruising to a broken
bone.
Cont.
Swelling and bruising of the scalp is common but not serious
and generally resolves within a few days.
Scalp scratches can occur when instruments (such as monitor
leads attached to the scalp, forceps , or vacuum extractor) are used
during a vaginal delivery.
Bleeding outside of the skull bones can lead to an accumulation
of blood either above or below the thick fibrous covering
(periosteum) of one of the skull bones.
Cont .
 Cephalohematoma;

A is blood accumulation below the periosteum. Cephalohematoma feel

soft and can increase in size after birth. Cephalohematoma disappear on
their own over weeks to months and almost never require any treatment.
However, they should be evaluated by the pediatrician if they become red
or start to drain liquid.
 Subgaleal hemorrhage;
A is bleeding directly under the scalp above the periosteum covering the
skull bones. Blood in this area can spread and is not confined to one area
like a cephalohematoma. A subgaleal hemorrhage may result from the use
of forceps or a vacuum extractor, or may result from a blood clotting
problems.
Scalp scratches  Cephalohematoma Subgaleal
hemorrhage
Conti.
Fracture 

A fracture of one of the bones of the skull may occur before or

during the birth process. Unless the skull fracture forms an
indentation (depressed fracture), it generally heals rapidly without
treatment.
 Respirator distress syndrome
Newborn respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) happens when a baby's lungs
are not fully developed and cannot provide enough oxygen, causing breathing
difficulties. It usually affects premature babies. It's also known as infant
respiratory distress syndrome, hyaline membrane disease or surfactant
deficiency lung disease.
Symptoms

Babies who have RDS may show these signs:

Fast breathing very soon after birth.
Grunting “ugh” sound with each breath.
Changes in color of lips, fingers and toes.
Widening (flaring) of the nostrils with each breath.
Chest retractions - skin over the breastbone and ribs pulls in
during breathing.
 Surfactants therapy
Surfactant therapy is the medical administration of exogenous surfactant.
Surfactants used in this manner are typically instilled directly into the trachea.
When a baby comes out of the womb and the lungs are not developed yet, they
require administration of surfactant in order to process oxygen and survive.
Surfactant replacement therapy is a safe, effective and beneficial
treatment as it significantly reduces respiratory morbidity (air leaks, pulmonary
interstitial emphysema), ventilatory requirements and mortality in these
neonates.
Transient tachypnea of Newborn
Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is a breathing disorder
seen shortly after delivery, most often in early term or late preterm
babies. Transient means it is short-lived (most often less than 48
hours). Tachypnea means rapid breathing (faster than most
newborns, who normally breathe 40 to 60 times per minute)
It is caused due to delay in clearance of fetal lung fluid after birth.
The problem often goes away on its own. Treatment may
include supplemental oxygen, blood tests, and continuous positive
airway pressure (CPAP).
Conti.
Babies will often need help with nutrition until they are able to
feed by mouth