Sentence Types

(Part Two)

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The Complex Sentence

 The complex sentence joins one or more dependent clauses (also called

subordinate clauses) to the independent clause.

 Complex sentences are useful when your writing includes some ideas that are

more important than others (as explained later).

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Dependent clauses can be formed in two ways :

1- with subordinating conjunctions such as: after, although, as long as, because,
before, even if, even though, ever since.

Ex:

• Although the weather did not cooperate

• As he was in a hurry

• If you really want to go

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2- with relative pronouns: that, which, who, whose, whom.

Ex :

• The book that you lent me

• Luis riel, who led the rebellion

• My aunt, whom I love dearly

• The man whose hat I took

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Subordinate clauses must be attached to an independent clause.

If it is not attached, it becomes a sentence error called a sentence

fragment. The above examples of subordinate clauses are fragments;

they can be corrected by combining each with an appropriate

independent clause, and making the following complex sentences:

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• Although the weather did not cooperate , we had a good time.

• As he was in a hurry, he did not stop to chat.

• If you really want to go, you have my permission .

• The book that you lent me was a pleasure to read .

• Luis riel, who led the rebellion, was hanged for treason .

• My aunt, whom I love dearly, is coming tomorrow .

• The man whose hat I took is my brother.

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Note that the subordinate clause can precede or follow the independent clause.

(The dependent clause can be placed at the beginning or the end of the sentence.)

These are both correct complex sentences:

• Although the weather did not cooperate, we still enjoyed our picnic.

• We still enjoyed our picnic although the weather did not cooperate.

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Writing Complex Sentences Using Subordinating Conjunctions

Complex sentences are written by using subordinating conjunctions to connect the two clauses.

Subordinating conjuctions showing opposition or unexpected results:

Although / even though / though

 Although I felt he was wrong, I decided to trust him.

 Sharon started looking for a new job even though she was currently employed.

 Though I couldn't understand a word, we had a great time! 8

Suborinating conjunctions showing cause and effect:

Because / since / as

 Since you need some help, I'll come over this afternoon.

 Henry felt he needed to take some time off because he had been working so hard.

 The parents paid for extra lessons as the children were very gifted.

Subordinating conjunctions expressing time:

When / as soon as / before / after / by

 By the time you get this letter, I will have left for new York.

 I used to play a lot of tennis when I was a teenager.

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 We had a wonderful dinner after she had arrived.
Subordinating conjuntions expressing conditions:

If / unless / in the case that

 If I were you, I would take my time with that project.

 They won't come next week unless you ask them to do so.

 In the case that he isn't available, we'll look for another consultant.

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The Compound Complex Sentence

Compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses

and one or more subordinate clauses.

Example:

 I like the look of dogs; however, I suspect that they are too nervous to be good

pets.
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It is helpful to identify the sentence elements in the preceding example:

1. Independent clause 1: I like the look of Dalmatians

2. Semi-colon and conjunctive adverb: ; however,

3. Subordinate clause with relative pronoun: I suspect that

4. Independent clause 2: they are too nervous to be good pets.

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This example follows a different pattern:

 Since we rely on mobile technologies, network outages cause serious problems,

and we lack necessary safeguards for citizens, businesses, and governments.

1. Subordinate clause: since we rely on mobile technologies,

2. Independent clause 1: network outrages cause serious problems

3. Comma and coordinating conjunction: « and »

4. Independent clause 2 : we lack necessary safeguards for citizens, businesses, and governments. 13
Task

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Provide a fitting subordinator to fill the gaps in these sentences.
1. I'm going to the bank_________________ I need some money.
2. I made lunch _________________ I got home.
3. _________________ it's raining, she's going for a walk in the park.
4. _________________ she finishes her homework soon, she will not fail the class.
5. He decided to trust Tim _________________ he was an honest man.
6. _________________ we went to school, she decided to investigate the situation.
7. Jennifer decided to leave tom _________________ he was too worried about his job.
8. Dennis bought a new jacket _________________ he had received one as a gift last week.
9. Brandley claims that there will be trouble _________________ he doesn't complete the job.
10. Janice will have finished the report _________________ the time you receive the letter.
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Use subordinating conjunctions (though, if, when,
because, etc.) To connect the sentences into one
8. Cindy and David had breakfast. They left for work.
complex sentence.
9. I really enjoyed the concert. The music was too loud.
1. Henry needs to learn English. I will teach him.
10. Alexander has been working sixty hours A week.
2. It was raining outside. We went for A walk. There is an important presentation next week.
3. Jenny needs to ask me. I will buy it for her.
11. I usually work out at the gym early in the morning. I
4. Yvonne played golf extremely well. She was very leave for work at eight A.M.
young. 12. The car was extremely expensive. Bob didn't have
5. Franklin wants to get a new job. He is preparing for much money. He bought the car.
job interviews. 13. I prefer to watch TV by streaming over the internet.
6. I'm writing A letter, and I'm leaving. You will find it It allows me to watch what I want when I want.
tomorrow.
14. Sometimes it happens that we have a lot of rain. I put
7. Marvin thinks he will buy the house. He just wants to the chairs on the patio in the garage when we have rain.
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know what his wife thinks.