Human beings express themselves through speech.

All that we
speak is speech which is the faculty or manner of speaking. This
speech consists of words which are spoken or written in groups.
Since every human being wants to make himself intelligible, he
uses these words in a specific, well-arranged manner. This well
arranged group of words is the sentence.
Definition: A Sentence is a group of words, arranged in a pre-intended,
specific order, which makes complete sense.
(Based on situation) (Based on construction)
Simple Sentence comprises only the principal Clause. It has one subject
and one Predicate only. As a natural sequence, it has only one Finite
Verb.
* A sentence has as many Clauses as many Finite Verbs it contains. A
Simple sentence has only one Finite Verb and hence one clause.

I like this book very much.

She got the first prize.
Rakesh wants to be a doctor.
• Compound sentence consists of one Principal clause
or Main clause and one or more than one
coordinate clauses. These clauses are joined with
the help of Coordinating Conjunctions. Each of
these Clauses has its own Subject and Predicate
(Finite Verb) and can stand independent of the
other.
Clause/Phrase
• 1. We met rather few people who spoke English.
Simple sentence Complex sentence
Complex sentence Compound sentence
7. I guess she just doesn’t respect you.
Compound sentence Simple sentence
• 2. I have been on rather too many planes and trains recently. Complex sentence
Simple sentence Compound sentence
8. I have got four sisters and each of them is quite different
Complex sentence from the others.
Compound sentence Simple sentence
Complex sentence
• 3. We drove right up to Helsinki in two days.
Compound sentence
Simple sentence 9. You can either come with me now or walk home.
Complex sentence Simple sentence
Complex sentence
Compound sentence Compound sentence
• 4. I don’t care how expensive it is. 10. He will never leave home because he hasn’t got the courage
Simple sentence to.
Simple sentence
Complex sentence Complex sentence
Compound sentence Compound sentence
• 5. Two minutes ago the child was fast asleep, but now he is wide awake. 11. When all else fails, read the user manual.
Simple sentence
Simple sentence Complex sentence
Complex sentence Compound sentence
Compound sentence 12. It was Sam who paid for the drinks.
Simple sentence
• 6. He is not tall enough to be a soldier. Complex sentence
Simple sentence Compound sentence
1.We met rather few people who spoke English. (Complex sentence)
2. I have been on rather too many planes and trains recently. (Simple sentence)
3. We drove right up to Helsinki in two days. (Simple sentence)
4. I don’t care how expensive it is. (Complex sentence)
5. Two minutes ago the child was fast asleep, but now he is wide awake.
(Compound sentence)
6. He is not tall enough to be a soldier. (Simple sentence)
7. I guess she just doesn’t respect you. (Complex sentence)
8. I have got four sisters and each of them is quite different from the others.
(Compound sentence)
9. You can either come with me now or walk home. (Compound sentence)
10. He will never leave home because he hasn’t got the courage to. (Complex
sentence)
11. When all else fails, read the user manual. (Complex sentence)
12. It was Sam who paid for the drinks. (Complex sentence)
1. Because her school computer had internet access, Savannah could 4 Boby wants to walk to the theatre, but I want to take a
learn more about computer taxi.
• simple
simple
• compound
compound
• complex compound complex
• compound-complex. Complex

5 Many people work long and hard for their money.

2. People saw shop figures as old-fashioned, so shopkeepers stopped Simple
using them. Complex
• simple Compound
Compound-Complex
• compound
• compound-complex 6 Before the sun rises, she runs two miles or exercises.
• Complex simple sentence
compound sentence
complex sentence
3. I drew an illustration for a poem that was written by Robert Frost. compound-complex sentence.
• simple
7 Summer and Madison both take music lessons weekly.
• compound simple
• compound complex compound
compound-complex
• complex
1. We were playing in the garden when the guests arrived.
2. She put on her coat and went out.
3. I can’t figure out what he wants.
4. You don’t look happy to see me.
5. The cat saw the puppies playing in the garden.
6. She leaned out of the window.
7. You shouldn’t have done this to me.
8. They tried very hard but they couldn’t win the match.
9. Who let the cat in?
10. Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
1. We were playing in the garden when the guests arrived. (Complex
sentence)
2. She put on her coat and went out. (Compound sentence)
3. I can’t figure out what he wants. (Complex sentence)
4. You don’t look happy to see me. (Simple sentence)
5. The cat saw the puppies playing in the garden. (Simple sentence)
6. She leaned out of the window. (Simple sentence)
7. You shouldn’t have done this to me. (Simple sentence)
8. They tried very hard but they couldn’t win the match. (Compound
sentence)
9. Who let the cat in? (Simple sentence)
10. Although it was raining, we went for a walk. (Complex sentence)
1. Rohan and Reena went to the park in the evening.
2. Rani went to the market and bought some flowers.
3. As soon as the dog saw its master, it started wagging its tail.
4. The farmer took good care of the cows.
5. Arjun liked the watch which his aunt presented to him.
6. The house was so beautiful that he decided to buy it.
7. Although it was a sunny day, we did not go out.
8. In spite of her good ranks, she did not get admission.
9. Ernest Hemingway wrote the novel ‘The Old Man and the Sea’.
10. I was quite impressed with her performance.
11. You can leave or stay.
12. The artist hoped that all the paintings would be sold.
1. Rohan and Reena went to the park in the evening. (Simple sentence)
2. Rani went to the market and bought some flowers. (Compound sentence)
3. As soon as the dog saw its master, it started wagging its tail. (Complex sentence)
4. The farmer took good care of the cows. (Simple sentence)
5. Arjun liked the watch which his aunt presented to him. (Complex sentence)
6. The house was so beautiful that he decided to buy it. (Complex sentence)
7. Although it was a sunny day, we did not go out. (Complex sentence)
8. In spite of her good ranks, she did not get admission. (Simple sentence)
9. Ernest Hemingway wrote the novel ‘The Old Man and the Sea’. (Simple sentence)
10. I was quite impressed with her performance. (Simple sentence)
11. You can leave or stay. (Compound sentence)
12. The artist hoped that all the paintings would be sold. (Complex sentence)
Rule: 1:
• “Present participle” in a simple sentence, to convert into complex sentences by adding “since/as/when” at the first half of the sentence.
• Simple Sentence: Closing the door, I went back to school.
• Complex Sentence: When I closed the door, I went back to school.
Rule: 2
• “Being/ Verb+ ing” in a simple sentence, to convert into a complex sentence by adding “as/when/since” at the first half of the sentence.
• Simple Sentence: After winning a beauty contest she cried.
• Complex Sentence: As she won the beauty contest, she cried.
Rule: 3
• “Too…to” in a simple sentence, to convert into a complex sentence by adding “so…that (negative)”.
• Simple Sentence: He is too weak to carry the box.
• Complex Sentence: He is so weak that he cannot carry the box.
Rule: 4
• “To” in the simple sentence, to convert into a complex sentence by adding “so that” in the sentence.
• Simple sentence: We eat to live.
• Complex Sentence: We eat so that we can live.
Rule: 5
• In the simple sentence “in spite of/ despite”, to convert into the complex sentence by adding “though/ although” in the sentence.
• Simple Sentence: In spite of being rich, she is hard working.
• Complex Sentence: Though she is rich, she is hard working.
Rule: 6
• “Because of” in the simple sentence, to convert it to the complex sentence by adding “since” at the beginning of the sentence.
• Simple Sentence: Because of his illness, he could not join the meeting.
• Complex Sentence: Since he was ill, he could not join the meeting.
Rule: 7
• “Subject + verb + object + present participle” type of simple sentence, to convert it to the complex sentence by “subject + verb + object +
relative pronoun of the object + be verb according to relative pronoun and tense + rest of the sentence”.
• Simple Sentence: I saw a bird flying.
• Complex Sentence: I saw a bird which was flying.
Rule: 8
• In the simple sentence starts with “without”, by adding “if/ in case” is converted into the complex sentence.
• Simple Sentence: Without adding the sugar the dish will taste bad.
• Complex Sentence: If you do not add sugar the dish will taste bad.
Rule: 9
• In the simple sentence “at the time” will be converted into “when” in the complex sentence.
• Simple Sentence: She woke up at the time of load shedding.
• Complex Sentence: She woke up when it was load shedding.
Rule: 10:
• In the simple sentence, “adjective” will be converted into “that/which” in the complex sentence.
• Simple Sentence: It was a blue shirt.
• Complex Sentence: It was a shirt which was blue.
 11 If/Unless (Complex) --- by+ verb+ ing/without+ verb+ ing
(Simple) --- or (Compound) Example:
• Complex: If you work hard you will succeed.
• Simple: By working hard you will succeed.
• Compound: Work hard or you won’t succeed
12 . Relative pronoun (wh word/that) (Complex) ---- non-finite
form/direct adjective/adverb (Simple) --- and (Compound) Example:
• Complex: The sum which has been done by him was very hard.
• Simple: The sum done by him was very hard. (Participle)
• Compound: The sum was done by him and it was very hard.
• Complex: Salam is a boy who is very intelligent.
• Simple: Salam is a very intelligent boy.
• Compound: Salam is a boy and he is very intelligent.
• Complex: It was daylight when he woke up.
• Simple: He woke up at daylight.
• Compound: He woke up and it was daylight.
• Complex: He admitted that he was guilty.
• Simple: He admitted his guilt.
• Compound: He admitted and he was guilty.
13. Though/although (complex) --- in spite of/despite (simple) + but
(compound)
Example:
Complex: Though he tried hard, he failed.
Simple: In spite of trying hard, he failed.
Compound: He tried hard but failed.
14. So... that (Complex) --- to infinitive (Simple) --- and (Compound)
Example:
Complex: We eat so that we can live well.
Simple: We eat to live well.
Compound: We eat and we live well.
15. When/as/since/because (Complex) ---- verb+ing or being+v3 or
because of (Simple) --- and (Compound) Example:
When he saw the police, he ran away. Simple:
Seeing the police he ran away. Compound:
He saw the police and ran away. Complex:
As he was ill, he could not come. Simple:
Being ill, he could not come. / Because of his illness, he could not
come. Compound:
He was ill and so he could not come.
 1. I saw a beautiful girl.
2. Being sincere and
hardworking, Mitu earned the
reward.
3. She was too poor to educate
her children.
4. I have informed him of his
success.
5. In spite of his being tall, he does
not play basketball.
 1. I saw a girl who was
beautiful.
2. As Mitu is sincere and
hardworking, she earned
the reward.
3. She was so poor that she
could not educate her
children.
4. I have informed him
that he has succeeded.
5. Though he is tall, he
does not play basketball.
1. Though he is not sick, he  1. He is not sick, yet he feels weak.
feels weak.
2. The electricity went out and the
2. As soon as the electricity
thief entered the house.
went out, the thief entered the
house.
3. Work hard and you will shine in
3. If you work hard, you will life
shine in life. 4. Do it and you will die.
 4. If you do it, you will die.
5. The man went home so that
he could see his grandson. 5. The man wanted to see his
grandson and so he went home
1. I went to his home but he
did not meet me.
2. He was ill and so he could
not attend the meeting.
3. I woke up and received your
phone call.
 4. Work hard and you will be
successful.
 5. Reeta saw a snake and
killed it at once.
1. In spite of my going to his
home, he did not meet me.
2. Because of his being ill, he
could not attend the meeting.
3. Waking up, I received your
phone call.
4. By working hard, you will be
successful.
5. Immediately after seeing a
snake, Reeta killed it.
 • 1. How did she hide from the terrorists?
Ans. I don’t know how she hid from the terrorists.
• 2. Would he answer me?
Ans. I wonder if he would answer me.
• 3 Many of these millions have succeeded.
Ans. Haven’t many of these millions succeeded?
• 4 She went to the kitchen.
Ans. Didn’t she go to the kitchen?
• 5 Jack’s achievements are particularly noteworthy.
Ans. Aren’t Jack’s achievements particularly noteworthy?
 1. Some are afraid to make friends.
Ans. How afraid some are to make friends!
2. He was pleased with the results.
Ans. How pleased he was with the results!
3. What a piece of art it is!
Ans. It is wonderful piece of art.
4. If only I were young again!
Ans. I wish I were young again.
5. How you have grown!
Ans. You have really grown.
 1.Don’t lose your calm if your friends' opinions differ from yours.
• Ans. You should not /There is no need to lose your calm if your friend’s
opinions differ from yours.
2. Tell your friends what you like about them.
• Ans. You should tell your friends what you like about them.
3. Never put money and important documents in your checked-in luggage.
• Ans. You should never put money and important documents in your checked
in luggage.
4. Mau the star never set.
• Ans. I wish / hope the star never sets.
5. Allow your friends to be themselves.
• Ans. You should not let yourself be used by your friends.
• 1. But they had no money. (Make Affirmative)
• 2. How to nourish friendship? (Make Assertive)
• 3. My lack of vision is my strength. (Add Question Tag)
• 4. He always answered. (Make Negative)
• 5. His voice was pleasant. (Make Exclamatory)
• 6. What a beautiful piece! (Make Assertive)
• 7. Academic institutions in India are less than sold on the idea of inclusive education. (Make Negative)
• 8. Mom's condition took a turn for the worse. My performance is also taking a turn for the worse. (Use Not only…
but also)
• 9. What a feeling! (Make Assertive)
• 10. This one was probably for his mom. (Make Negative)
• 11. I'm trying to help. (Add Question tag)
• 12. If I don't thank an Indian and die, I will never attain peace after death. (Use Unless)
• 13. We have often been unworthy followers of his. (Make Interrogative)
• 14. Isn't there a court order against this? (Make Assertive)
• 15. They shared their clothes and toys. (Use Not only…but also)
• 16. As soon as she got home, Mohan hurried to her. (Use No sooner…..than)
 Use the word in BOLD print at the end of the line to form a new sentence that has the same meaning. You must
use TWO to FIVE words and are not allowed to change the key word in any way.
1. We don’t know anything about the problem. (INFORMATION)
We don’t _________________________________ about the problem.
2. There is only a little coffee left in the jar. (MUCH)
There _________________________________ coffee left in the jar.
I don’t want a lot of cream on my strawberries. (CREAM)
I only want _________________________________ on my strawberries.
Could you lend me some money until the weekend? (FROM)
Could I _________________________________ you until the weekend?
I can’t decide which shoes I like most, the blue ones or the green ones
(CHOOSE)
I can’t _________________________________ the blue shoes and the green
shoes.
Why don’t you return the sweater to the shop you got it from? (BACK)
Why don’t you _________________________________ to the shop you got it
from?
I don’t agree with your opinion of the new shopping centre. (WRONG)
I think you _________________________________ the new shopping centre.
8. I found the photo by chance when I was tidying up my room. (ACROSS)
I _________________________________ the photo when I was tidying up my
room.
9. Fridges and freezers are not the same thing (DIFFERENCE). There
_________________________________ fridges and freezers.
10. Don’t put those plastic bags in the bin – use them again! (AWAY)
Don’t _________________________________ - use them again.
11. Our car stopped working on the motorway, so we had to call a mechanic. (DOWN)
We had to call a mechanic when our car _________________________________ on the motor
way.
12. There are quite a few things I would like to invent! (NUMBER)
There are _________________________________ things that I’d like to invent.
13. Carl described his new mobile phone to me. (TOLD)
Carl _________________________________ his new mobile phone.
14.Remind me to send Nigel a letter about our plans (WRITE)
Remind me to _________________________________ our plans.
15. Some chimpanzees use sign language to talk to people (COMMUNICATE).
Some chimpanzees’ _________________________________ people through sign language.
16. Katy sent me a text message (RECEIVED).
I _________________________________ Katy
17. It wasn’t necessary for me to buy a stamp for my letter (NEED)
I _________________________________ to buy a stamp for my letter.
18.My computer doesn’t work, so I can’t email you. (WRONG)
There’s _________________________________ my computer, so I can’t email you.
19. I think we should build a new theatre in town (FAVOUR)
I am _________________________________ building a new theatre in town.
20.Have you ever participated in a swimming event? (PART)
Have you ever _________________________________ a swimming event?
1. We don’t know anything about the problem.
(INFORMATION)
We don’t HAVE ANY INFORMATION about the problem.
2. There is only a little coffee left in the jar. (MUCH) There
ISN’T MUCH coffee left in the jar.
3. I don’t want a lot of cream on my strawberries. (CREAM) I
only want LITTLE CREAM on my strawberries.
4. Could you lend me some money until the weekend? (FROM)
Could I BORROW SOME MONEY FROM you until the weekend?
5. I can’t decide which shoes I like most, the blue ones or the
green ones (CHOOSE) I can’t CHOOSE BETWEEN the blue shoes
and the green shoes.
6. Why don’t you return the sweater to the shop you got it
from? (BACK) Why don’t you GIVE BACK THE SWEATER to the
shop you got it from?
7. I don’t agree with your opinion of the new shopping centre.
(WRONG) I think you ARE WRONG ABOUT the new shopping
centre.
8. I found the photo by chance when I was tidying up my room.
(ACROSS) I CAME ACROSS the photo when I was tidying up my
room.
9. Fridges and freezers are not the same thing (DIFFERENCE).
There IS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN fridges and freezers.
10. Don’t put those plastic bags in the bin – use them again!
(AWAY) Don’t THROW THOSE PLASTIC BAGS AWAY - use
them again.
11. Our car stopped working on the motorway, so we had to
call a mechanic. (DOWN) We had to call a mechanic when our
car BROKE DOWN on the motorway.
12. There are quite a few things I would like to invent!
(NUMBER) There are A NUMBER OF things that I’d like to invent.
13. Carl described his new mobile phone to me. (TOLD) Carl
TOLD ME ABOUT his new mobile phone.
14. Remind me to send Nigel a letter about our plans (WRITE)
Remind me TO WRITE TO NIGEL ABOUT our plans.
15. Some chimpanzees use sign language to talk to people
(COMMUNICATE). Some chimpanzees COMMUNICATE WITH
people through sign language.
16. Katy sent me a text message (RECEIVED). I RECEIVED A TEXT
MESSAGE FROM Katy
17. It wasn’t necessary for me to buy a stamp for my letter
(NEED) I DIDN’T NEED to buy a stamp for my letter.
18. My computer doesn’t work, so I can’t email you. (WRONG)
There’s SOMETHING WRONG WITH my computer, so I can’t
email you.
19. I think we should build a new theatre in town (FAVOUR) I
am IN FAVOUR OF building a new theatre in town.
20. Have you ever participated in a swimming event? (PART)
Have you ever TAKEN PART IN a swimming event