OTHER MODELLING

EXAMPLES IN
OTHER MODELLING DEMONSTRATING
APPLICATIONS OF
EXAMPLES: PRINCIPLES OF
MODELLING
  Consider a 3-stage absorption column shown
below
 The feed stream into the column is a dry coal
gas containing a certain percentage of oil per
EXAMPLE 13: kg of dry gas.
STAGE  The dry gas is to be treated with a certain mass
PROCESSES – AN of wash oil passing through the 3-plate
ABSORPTION absorption column to remove the light oil.
COLUMN  Defining:
 h = liquid hold-up on each plate
 H = vapour hold-up on each plate
 L,G = Wash oil and dry gas flowrates resp.
EXAMPLE 13:
STAGE
PROCESSES – AN
ABSORPTION
COLUMN  The liquid and gas compositions are related by
the equilibrium equation:
(83)

 Taking material balance around each plate, we

have
 Plate 1

(84)
EXAMPLE 13:
STAGE Plate 2
PROCESSES – AN  Similarly we obtain
ABSORPTION
(85)
COLUMN
and for Plate 3,

(86)
  Equations (84), (85) and (86) are the mass
balances on plates 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
 Generally, the mass balance around, plate n is

(87)
EXAMPLE 13:
STAGE  To simplify Equation(87), the following
PROCESSES – AN assumptions are made
ABSORPTION  The residence time on each plate is such that
COLUMN equilibrium is attained between the liquid and
vapour:
 The Liquid and vapour ratio are constant for all
stages:
  The Liquid and vapour hold-ups in and out of
each plate is constant:

EXAMPLE 13:
 Employing the assumptions stated above, we have
STAGE
PROCESSES – AN
(88)
ABSORPTION
COLUMN
(89)

 Equation (89) is a Differential Difference Equation

(DDE) for n = 1, 2, …, N; where N = no of stages
  For n = 1,

(90)

 For n = 2,
EXAMPLE 13: (91)
STAGE
PROCESSES – AN  For n = 3,
ABSORPTION
COLUMN (92)

 For Plate n = N,

(93)
  Modelling of Lumped parameter systems (LPS) results
in ordinary differential equations (ODEs)
 The steady-state models from LPS results in linear or
nonlinear algebraic equations.
 Modelling of Distributed parameter systems (DPS)
results in partial differential equations (PDEs).
 The steady-state models from DPS results in linear or
NOTES nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODES) or
differential algebraic equations (DAEs).
 Modelling of stage processes results in Differential
difference equations (DDEs).
 The steady state models from stage processes give
difference equations (DEs) or algebraic difference
equations (ADEs)
  Consider a trapezoidal-shaped tank shown below

EXAMPLE 14:
SIMPLE FLOW IN
A NON-
UNIFORMLY
SHAPED
TANK/REACTOR

 From the geometry,

(94)
  Consider a trapezoidal-shaped tank shown below
(95)
 and
EXAMPLE 14: (96)
 Cross-sectional area of the tank is given by
SIMPLE FLOW IN
A NON- (97)
UNIFORMLY  The volume of the tank is given by
SHAPED
TANK/REACTOR (98)
 Substituting (97) into (98), we have

(99)
  Applying total continuity equation to the system
assuming constant density, we obtain

(100)
EXAMPLE 14:
SIMPLE FLOW IN
A NON- (101)
UNIFORMLY
 Substituting Eqn. (99) in (100) and simplifying,
SHAPED
we have
TANK/REACTOR
(102)

(103)
  Equation (103) is the transient model equation for
the trapezoidal shape tank.
 It is seen that the cross-sectional area affects the
overall model equation for irregular shaped
modelling object.
 In most practical flow systems, the outflow from
SUMMARY a tank is a function of the height as shown in the
above example.
 The inclusion of the following: order of reaction,
, reaction rate constant, k as a function of
temperature, (Arrhenius law) and outflow
pattern introduce nonlinearity to the model
equation.