BAB II

AIR (WATER)

A. Pokok Bahasan :
- Jenis Air
- Karakteristik Air

- Analisa Air

B. Tujuan :
- Mengetahui jenis, karakteristik & analisa

air
1. Jenis Air
 BERDASAR ASAL/SUMBERNYA :
 Air tanah (ground water) :
 Air permukaan (surface water) : mata air,
sungai, danau, sumur dangkal, dll.
 Air dalam (under ground water) : sumur
artesis.
 Air laut (sea water).
 BERDASAR PENGGUNAANNYA :
 Air proses
 Air boiler

 Air pendingin

 Air hidran

 Air sanitasi
2. KARAKTERISTIK AIR
 Sifat Fisika :
 Warna (color)
 Bau (odor)
 Rasa (taste)
 Kekeruhan (turbidity)
 Suhu (temperature)
 Padatan :
Total Solid (TS)
Suspended Solid (SS)
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
Total Volatile Solid (TVS)
 SIFAT KIMIA :
 Anorganik :
pH

Kebasaan & Keasaman (Alkalinity & Acidity)

Hardness

Conductivity

Lain-lain

 Organik :

BOD

COD

TOC
ALKALINITY
 The alkalinity is equal to the stoichiometric sum of the bases in solution. In
the natural environment carbonate alkalinity tends to make up most of the
total alkalinity due to the common occurrence and dissolution of carbonate
rocks and presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Other common
natural components that can contribute to alkalinity include borate,
hydroxide, phosphate, silicate, nitrate, dissolved ammonia, the conjugate
bases of some organic acids and sulfide.
 Alkalinity is sometimes incorrectly used interchangeably with basicity. For
example, the pH of a solution can be lowered by the addition of CO2. This will
reduce the basicity; however, the alkalinity will remain unchanged (see
example below).
 Alkalinity is typically reported as mg/L as CaCO3. This can be converted into
milliEquivalents per Liter (mEq/L) by dividing by 50 (the approximate MW of
CaCO3/2).
ALKALINITY
Total alkalinity is the measure of the
amount of alkaline buffers (primarily
carbonates and bicarbonates) in water.
These alkaline substances buffer the water
against sudden changes in pH. Total
alkalinity is considered the key to water
balance.
HARDNESS/KESADAHAN
KESADAHAN MENURUT ION :
Kesadahan anion, HCO3, SO4
Kesadahan kation, Ca, Mg
(CaCO3), (CaSO4), (CaMg(CO3)2).
(mg/L) of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
KESADAHAN
KESADAHAN SEMENTARA
This refers to hardness whose effects can be removed by boiling
the water in an open container. Such water have usually
percolated though limestone formations and contain
bicarbonate HCO3– along with small amounts of carbonate CO 32–
as the principal negative ions. Boiling the water promotes the
reaction
2 HCO3– → CO32– + CO2
by driving off the carbon dioxide gas. The CO 32– reacts with Ca2+
or Mg2+ ions, to form insoluble calcium and magnesium
carbonates which precipitate out. By tying up the metal ions in
this way, the amounts available to form soap scum are greatly
reduced.
KESADAHAN TETAP
Water that contain other anions
such as chloride or sulfate cannot
be remediated by boiling, and are
said to be "permanently" hard.
 CONDUCTIVITY
 'the ability or power to conduct or transmit heat, electricity, or sound'.
Its units are Siemens per meter [S/m] in SI and millimhos per
centimeter [mmho/cm] in U.S. customary units. Its symbol is k or s.
 Pure water is not a good conductor of electricity. Ordinary distilled
water in equilibrium with carbon dioxide of the air has a conductivity
of about 10 x 10-6 W-1*m-1 (20 dS/m). Because the electrical current is
transported by the ions in solution, the conductivity increases as the
concentration of ions increases.
Thus conductivity increases as water dissolved ionic species.
 Typical conductivity of waters:
Ultra pure water 5.5 · 10-6 S/m
Drinking water 0.005 – 0.05 S/m
Sea water 5 S/m
 BOD (BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND)
The Royal Commission on River Pollution, which was
established in 1865 and the formation of the
Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal in 1898 led to the
selection in 1908 of BOD5 as the definitive test for organic
pollution of rivers. Five days was chosen as an appropriate
test period because this is supposedly the longest time that
river water takes to travel from source to estuary in the U.K.
In 1912, the commission also set a standard of 20 ppm BOD 5
as the maximum concentration permitted in sewage works
discharging to rivers, provided that there was at least an 8:1
dilution available at dry weather flow. This was contained
in the famous 20:30 (BOD:Suspended Solids) + full
nitrification standard which was used as a yardstick in the
U.K. up to the 1970s for sewage works effluent quality.
 COD (CHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND)
indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds
in water.
It is expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L), which
indicates the mass of oxygen consumed per liter of
solution. Older references may express the units as
parts per million (ppm).
The basis for the COD test is that nearly all organic
compounds can be fully oxidized to carbon dioxide
with a strong oxidizing agent under acidic conditions.
 TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
Jumlah total ikatan karbon di senyawa
organik dalam air
 Sifat Biologi :
 Binatang

 Tumbuhan

 Jamur

 Algae

 Virus

 Bakteri

 Lain-lain
3. Analisa Air (boiler)
 Kekeruhan (turbidity)
 Padatan (solids) :
 TS
 SS

 TDS

 TVS

 pH
 Hardness