Structure of Bone

&
Cartilage
Sanjaya Adikari
Department of Anatomy
 Connective tissue
 Cells
 Cells producing extracellular material
 Other cells (immune cells, fat cells)

 Extracellular material
 Ground substance – matrix of organic material
 Fibres
Connective tissues
 Cartilage
 A semi-rigid tissue

 Variable amounts of collagen and elastic fibres

 Three types

 Hyaline cartilage (consist of collagen fires)

 Elastic cartilage (consist of collagen and lot of elastic fires)

 Fibrocartilage
 Cartilage
Blood vessels Nerves

diffusion
Perichondrium

cells
Chondroblasts

Lacuna/
space

Chondrocytes
 Cartilage…
 Grow by

 Interstitial growth (chondrocytes dividing & forming

clusters)

 Appositional growth (chondroblasts differentiating into

chondrocytes)

 Adults have a limited distribution of cartilage

 Newborns have more extensive distribution

 Hyaline Cartilage
 Most common type

 Found in,
nasal septum, larynx, tracheal rings, costal cartilages
and articular surfaces of sinovial joints

 Newborns have more extensive distribution since

they act as templates for most of the long bones

 Elastic Cartilage
 Found in,

external ear, external auditory canal, epiglottis and

wall of Eustachian tubes.

 Differ from hyaline cartilage by having numerous

elastic cartilage bundles in the matrix

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage
 Fibrocartilage
 Found in,

intervetebral discs, some articular cartilages and

pubic symphysis.

 Features appear intermediate between cartilage and

dense fibrous connective tissue

 There are alternating layers of hyaline like cartilage

and thick layers of collagen fibres.

Fibrocartilage
 Bone
 A specialized connective tissue

 Extracellular components are mineralized - rigid

 Supporting and protective functions

 Function as a calcium ion store

 Growth and resorption throughout life - dynamic

 Bone……
 Cells –

 Osteoblasts: secrete extracellular matrix (osteoid)

 Osteocytes: maintain bone matrix

 Osteoclasts: remove bone matrix

 Extracellular matrix –

 glycoprotein ground substance, collagen fibres,

mineral component by calcium hydroxyapatite
 periosteum epiphysis

growth plate

endosteum diaphysis

cavity
(contains yellow marrow)

epiphysis
red marrow
 Microscopic structure
 Haversian canals with vessels and nerves

 They are arranged parallel to the long axis

 Connected by canals running across, called

 Bone cells are arranged around Haversian canals in

circles

 The cells lay down bone in circles called lamellae

 Microscopic structure
Cortical bone

Haversian system

Volkmann’s canal
Canaliculi
Cortical bone

Interstitial system (old Hav Sys)

New Haversian system
 Woven bone
immature bone. Random organization of
fibrous elements

Bone

Compact bone
forms walls of the shaft &
a thin layer around the
Lamellar bone epiphysis of long bones
mature bone
Cancellous bone
found in the epiphysis or
around the medullary
cavity
 Resorption Apositional growth
Increased
calcium ions
+
Calcitonin
_ Osteoblast

Osteoclast

+
PTH

+ Periosteum
Reduced
calcium ions