ROLE OF CHEMISTRY

IN POWER PLANT

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 AREAS TO BE COVERED

• WORKING OF PT PLANT, DM PLANT AND

MONITORING OF PARAMETERS THEREIN.

-For the purpose of production of DM water, service

water and drinking water.

• MONITORING OF STEAM/ WATER PARAMETERS

• H.P./L.P. DOSING.
• TESTING OF COAL.
• TESTING OF LUB OIL.

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 WATER CHEMISTRY IN
POWER PLANT
• POLLUTION MONITORING
– STACK MONITORING
– AMBIENT AIR
– WATER EFFLUENT

• EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT

• COMMISSIONING ACTIVITES

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WATER TREATMENT
PLANT

AND FEATURES
 SOURCES OF WATER

1. RIVERS, LAKES AND RESEVOIRS (SURFACE DRAINAGE WATER)

2. UNDERGROUND WATERS (SALLOW WALL, DEEP WELL, SPRINGS)
3. RAIN WATER
4. SEA WATER

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 MAIN IMPURITIES IN WATER
1. Suspended Form (Macro size) Sand, dirt, silt are the
suspended maters in water. These contribute turbidity to
raw water.
2. Colloidal form – Micro size particles
3. Dissolved form - Alkaline salts and neutral salts, organic
matter,
Alkaline salts are mainly bicarbonates rarely carbonates
and hydrates of calcium, magnesium and sodium.
Neutral salts are sulphates, chlorides, nitrates of
calcium, magnesium and sodium.

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 POTENTIAL EFECTS OF
IMPURITIES IN WATER
1. Corrosion of plant items and equipments

2. Scaling in heat transfer units ( condenser tubes)

Additionally some substances can effect the efficiency

of operation of water treatment process used to obtain
satisfactory feed and boiler water make up and make up
to CW system.

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 TREATMENT OF WATER

1. Clarification

2. Filtration

3. Demineralization

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 CLARIFICATION
PRE- TREATMENT OF WATER

• MIXING OF CHEMICALS WITH WATER

• COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
• SEDIMENTATION
• FILTRATION

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 WATER FLOW IN PRETREATMENTPLANT

RAW WATER CLARIFLOCCULATOR SGF/

PRESS.
FILTER

DM PLANT

SERVICE
WATER

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 CLARIFLOCCULATOR
Chlorine Lime Flash Flocculation
Alum Mixer
Clarification

Clarified
water to
filters

Raw
water
Water quality at Clarifier outlet Sludge
Turbidity - <20 NTU pH - 5.5 to 8.0 settling
pond
Residual Chlorine - 0.2 ppm
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 COAGULANTS

1. ALUMINIUM SULPHATE, SODIUM ALUMINATE

2. IRON SULPHATE
3. POLY ELECTROLYTES (LONG CHAIN AMIDES)
4. POLY ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE ( PAC )

FACTORS AFFECTING COAGULATION

1. PH ( 5.5 – 8.0 ) FOR AL2(SO4)3

2. TEMPERATURE (30- 400C )
3. TIME
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 FILTRATION
Filtration is the removal of the solid particles from water by
passing it through a filtering medium. Filtration is usually
a mechanical process does not remove dissolved solids.

FILTERS USED IN WATER TREATMENT ARE MAINLY OF TWO

TYPES.

1. Pressure Filters
2. Gravity filters

Pressure filters are in closed, round steel shells and function

with the pressure of the incoming water.
Gravity filters are in steel, wood or concrete containers that
are open at the top and function at atmospheric
pressure.
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 GRAVITY SAND
FILTER
GRAVITY SAND FILTER
CLARIFIED
IN
WATER
FROM
CLARIFIER

FOR BACK
5th layer WASHING OF THE
GSF WATER IS
PASSED THROUGH
4th layer
FILTER IN REVERSE
3rd layer DIRECTION
2nd layer
OUT
1st layer

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 FILTER MEDIA

Theoretically any inert granular material can be used for

filtration.
Quarts sand, Silica sand, anthracite coal, garnet may be
used for filtration.
Silica sand and anthracite are the types of filter media
which are commonly used.
At SSTPS sand is used as filtering medium and filters are
Pressure Filters in Stage-I and Gravity sand filters
(GSF) in Stage- II.

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 FILTER MEDIUM IN GSF
1st layer - 50 mm X 37 mm gravel

2nd layer - 37 mm X 12 mm gravel

3rd layer – 12 mm X 6 mm gravel

4th layer – 6 mm X 2.5 mm grit

5th layer – 0.35 mm X 0.5 mm sand

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 USES OF FILTERED WATER

1. Feed water to DM plant

2. Feed water to Softening Plant
3. Drinking water – Township and plant
4. Service water – as cooling water for A/C and
Compressors

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 DM PLANT
From filter
For circuit rinse
water pumps

ACF WAC SAC WBA SBA MB

DM
Air water
storage
DEGASSER tank

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boiler make up
 DM PLANT
Water quality at different stages of Demineralisation
process:-
Feed water to DM plant
Turbidity - <2 NTU
ACF outlet
Residual chlorine - Nil
Turbidity - < 0.5 NTU
Cation Exchanger outlet
Na - <2 ppm
Degasser outlet
Dissolved CO2 - <5 ppm

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 DM PLANT
Anion Exchanger outlet
Silica - < 200 ppb
Conductivity - < 10 µs/cm
pH - 6.8 - 7.2

Mixed bed outlet

Silica - < 20 ppb
Conductivity - < 0.1 µs/cm
pH - 6.8 - 7.2

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 ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER

SERVICE AND REGENERATION ( BACK WASH )

SI - Service Inlet
SO - Service Outlet
BWI - Backwash In
BWO - Backwash Out
RO - Rinse Out

Air BO
vent
BI SI
To Cation
SO
Exchanger RO
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 CATION EXCHANGER AND ANION EXCHANGER
SERVICE AND REGENERATION
Regeneration line to weak
exchanger

DF - Down Flow
NF - Nozzle flushing
Weak Strong

Air NF Air
Vent Vent

SI DF
BI SI BI
Acid/Alkali injection
BO RO
SO
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Drain
 MIXED BED
SERVICE AND REGENERATION

Alkali injection

SI
Air
NF Vent

Air

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SO
 MIXED BED
RESIN SEPARATION

ANION
EXCHANGE
RESIN

CATION
EXCHANGE
RESIN

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 ION-EXCHANGE REACTIONS
CATION EXCHANGER
• During Service
NaCl RNa + HCl
RH + CaCO3 R2Ca + H2CO3
MgSO4 R2Mg + H2SO4
Na2SiO3 RNa +H2SiO3

• During Regeneration

RNa NaCl

R2Ca + HCl RH + CaCl2

R2Mg MgCl2

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 ION-EXCHANGE REACTIONS
ANION EXCHANGER
• During Service
HCl R’Cl + H2O
R’OH + H2CO3 R’2CO3 + H2O
H2SO4 R’2SO4 + H2O
H2SiO3 R’2SiO3 + H2O
• During Regenration
R’Cl NaCl
R’2CO3 + NaOH R’OH + Na2CO3
R’2SO4 Na2SO4
R’2SiO3 Na2SiO3

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 D.M. WATER QUALITY

• pH = 5.5-6.8
• CONDUCTIVITY < 0.2  mho
• TDS - NIL
• SiO2 < 20 ppb

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 WATER STEAM CYCLE

HYDRAZINE
AMMONIA DOSING
DOSING

CEP

D.M. WATER CST CONDENSER D/A

TURBINE STEAM BOILER

BFP
T.S.P. DOSING

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WATER/STEAM CHEMISTRY
PARAMETERS MONITORED
• Ph
• Silica
• Conductivity
• After Cation Conductivity
• Dissolved Oxygen
• Sodium
• Copper
• Iron

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 WATER QUALITY
• CONDENSATE WATER

- ACC <0.02 µS/cm

– pH 8.8-9.2

– Silica <0.02 ppm

– Dissolved Oxygen <50 ppb

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 WATER QUALITY

• FEED WATER
– ACC <0.02 µS/cm
– pH 8.8-9.2
– Total Iron+Copper <0.02 ppm
– Silica <0.02 ppm
– Dissolved Oxygen <7 ppb

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 WATER QUALITY
• BOILER WATER
– Conductivity <50 µS/cm

– pH 9.4-9.8

– Silica <0.300 ppm

– Phosphate 2-4 ppm

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 WATER QUALITY
• STEAM
– ACC <0.02 µS/cm

– pH 8.8-9.2

– Total Iron+Copper <0.02 ppm

– Silica <0.02 ppm

– Sodium <10 ppb

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 DISTRIBUTION RATIO
BETWEEN STEAM & BOILER
WATER AT pH 9.5
Drum Pressure Silica in Boiler Water

194 Kg/Cm2 130 ppb

176 Kg/Cm2 220 ppb
159 Kg/Cm2 290 ppb
134 Kg/Cm2 500 ppb
117 Kg/Cm2 1000 ppb
100 Kg/Cm2 2220 ppb
65 Kg/Cm2 4000 ppb
-- Boiler Drum Pressure is to be maintained so as
silica value in Main Steam is maintained below 20 ppb.

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 PARTITION COEFFICIENT AT
DIFFERENT PRESSURES

100
PARTITION COEFFICIENT Kp

10-1

10-2
SiO
2

10-3

Na
10-4 OH

10-5 Na
Cl
10-6

10-7

226 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 50 40 30

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 SOURCES OF IMPURITIES IN
STEAM
• By evaporation from the boiler drum

• By entrainment of boiler water droplets in saturated

steam.

• As impurity present in feed water used in desuper

heater spray.

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 EFFECTS OF SILICA

• Silica has high partition coefficient, so it has

tendency to deposit from steam onto turbine.

• Silica can deposit on turbine blades specially on LP

turbine, which can lead to significant loss of output.

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 H.P. DOSING
COORDINATED PHOSPHATE CONTROL

Na3PO4+H2O Na2HPO4 + NaOH

Na2HPO4+H2O NaH2PO4 + NaOH

NaOH + HCl (As Impurity) NaCl + H2O

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 L.P.DOSING

AMMONIA & HYDRAZINE HYDRATE DOSING

AMMONIA IS USED TO INCREASE THE pH OF THE SYSTEM.

N2 H4 + O 2 N2 + H 2O

3N2H4 4NH3 + N2

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 CHEMICAL CONTROL OF GENERATOR
STATOR WATER COOLING CIRCUITS

GENERATOR STATOR COOLANT ( D.M. WATER)

STATOR WATER PARAMETER TO BE MAINTAINED

- pH = 6.8 + .2
-K < 1.0 µs/cm
- Copper < 50 ppb
- D.O. < 10 ppb in low D.O. regime
2.0 to 5.0 ppm in high D.O. regime

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 CORROSION OF COPPER
THERE ARE TWO METHODS WHERE THE COPPER IS
BEST PASSIVATED AND MINIMUM CORROSION IS
FOUND.

1. LOW DISSOLVED OXYGEN REGIME.

2. HIGH DISSOLVED OXYGEN REGIME.

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 LOW D.O. REGIME

- Limits below 10 ppb

With low D.O. concentration, copper corrosion is

inhibited by a passive film of Cuprous Oxide(Cu2O).

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 HIGH D.O. REGIME

- Limits 2 to 5 ppm

WITH HIGH D.O. CONCENTRATION, COPPER

CORROSION IS INHIBITED BY A PASSIVE FILM OF
CUPRIC OXIDE (CuO).

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 THANK YOU

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