STATISTIC

- It is the science of collecting,

organizing, analyzing and
interpreting, drawing
conclusion and presenting
numerical facts, which we call
data.

STATISTICS
Descriptive statistics is
used to reveal patterns trough
the analysis of numeric data.
Descriptive statistics, not
surprisingly, “describe” data
that have been collected.

TYPES OF STATISTICS
Commonly used descriptive
statistics include frequency
counts, ranges ( high and low
scores or values), means,
modes, median scores, and
standard deviations.

TYPES OF STATISTICS
Inferential
statistics allows you to
make predictions
(“inferences”) from that
data. 

TYPES OF STATISTICS
For example, you might stand in a mall
and ask a sample of 100 people if they
like shopping at Sears. You could make a
bar chart of yes or no answers (that
would be descriptive statistics) or you
could use your research (and inferential
statistics) to reason that around 75-80%
of the population (all shoppers in all
malls) like shopping at Sears.

TYPES OF STATISTICS
1. Nominal
– It classifies data into
categories. This process
involves labeling categories
and then counting frequencies
of occurrence.

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS
2. Ordinal

– Ordinal Variables order (or rank) data

in terms of degree. Ordinal variables do
not establish to the numeric difference
between data points. They indicate that
only one data point is ranked higher or
lower than another.

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS
2. Ordinal
– Ranking of high school students – 1st, 3rd, 4th, 10th… Nth. A
student scoring 99/100 would be the 1st rank, another student
scoring 92/100 would be 3rd and so on and so forth.
- Rating surveys in restaurants – When a waiter gets a paper or
online survey with a question: “How satisfied are you with the
dining experience?” having 0-10 option, 0 being extremely
dissatisfied and 10 being extremely satisfied.
- Likert Scale – The Likert scale is a variant of the ordinal scale
that is used to calculate customer or employee satisfaction.

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS
3. Interval

- The interval scale is a quantitative

measurement scale where there is
order, the difference between the
two variables is meaningful and
equal, and the presence of zero is
arbitrary.

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS
3. Interval

- time, temperature, age,

scores on IQ test

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS
4. Ratio

- It is a quantitative scale where there

is a true zero and equal intervals
between neighboring points. Unlike on
an interval scale, a zero on a ratio
scale means there is a total absence of
the variable you are measuring.

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS
4. Ratio

- Number of vehicles owned in

the last 10 years, Number of
people in a household, Number of
students who identify as religious,
Years of work experience

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS
A quantity that may
assume any one of a set of
values.
 A characteristic that holds
a value

VARIABLES
1. DISCRETE VARIALBLES

 Itcan be counted.
 One which can only have certain
definite values, often whole
numbers.
 Examples: Money, Shoes, family
members

TYPES OF VARIABLES
2. CONTINUOUS VARIALBLES

 Itcan be measured.
 one, which can take up any value within
certain range and usually obtained by
measuring.

 Examples: length, width, weight,

distance, displacement

TYPES OF VARIABLES
3. INDEPENDENT VARIALBLES

 It
is a variable that stands
alone.
Example: Age, Height, Gender,
educational Attainment

TYPES OF VARIABLES
4. DEPENDENT VARIALBLES

 It
is a variable that depends on
other factors that are measured.

 Example:Stress, Happiness,
Depression

TYPES OF VARIABLES
 Independent Dependent
Variables Variables
Diet Intelligence
News Paper Voting Patterns
Attendance at Exam Scores
Lectures
Health Education Number of People who
Programmes Smoke

TYPES OF VARIABLES
- It is the name or other
identification of the specific
process by which the
entities of the sample have
been selected.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
1. Simple random sampling

- In this case each individual is

chosen entirely by chance and
each member of the population
has an equal chance, or
probability, of being selected.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
2. Systematic sampling

- Individuals are selected at

regular intervals from the
sampling frame. 

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
3. Stratified sampling

- In this method, the population is first

divided into subgroups (or strata) who all
share a similar characteristic. It is used when
we might reasonably expect the
measurement of interest to vary between the
different subgroups, and we want to ensure
representation from all the subgroups.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
4. Clustered sampling

- In a clustered sample,
subgroups of the population are
used as the sampling unit, rather
than individuals. 

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
5. Convenience sampling

- It is perhaps the easiest method

of sampling, because participants
are selected based on availability
and willingness to take part. 

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
6. Quota sampling

- This method of sampling is often

used by market researchers.
Interviewers are given a quota of
subjects of a specified type to
attempt to recruit. 

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
6. Quota sampling

- This method of sampling is often

used by market researchers.
Interviewers are given a quota of
subjects of a specified type to
attempt to recruit. 

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
1. INTERVIEW METHOD

- Direct and Indirect Interview

METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA

2. QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD

 Free Response
 Dichotomous
 Multiple Choice
 Multiple Response
 Rating Scale

METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA

3. EMPIRICAL METHOD
4. REGISTRATION METHOD
5. TEST METHOD

METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA