Structural Analysis II

© 2021 PBK
Course outline
1. Deflection of beams:
i. Integration methods
ii. Moment – area method
iii. Conjugate beam method
2. Strain energy and complementary strain energy
i. Concepts
ii. Applications: Deflections of pin-jointed trusses & beams
iii. Castigliano’s theorems (pin jointed trusses and simply supported beams):
forces and deflections
3. Slope-deflection method and moment distribution methods
i. Review of governing equations in slope-deflection method,
ii. Structures subjected to side away without sloping members
iii. Structures subjected to side away with sloping members
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Course outline continued…
4. Influence lines
i. Introduction/concept
ii. Simple beams
iii. Pin-jointed trusses
iv. Multi-span beams with hinges
v. Muller-Breslaw Principle: Concept, applications in sketching influence lines
for continuous beams and frames
5. The three-moment theorem for analysis of continuous beams
6. Stability of slender columns
Prescribed textbook (all examples are based on this book edition)
Hibbeler, R.C., (2009), Structural Analysis (7th edition), Prentice Hall

Recommended textbooks
• Coates, R. C., Coutie, M. G. and Kong, F. K., (1987), Structural Analysis, ELBS/Nelson, London.
• Marshall, W. T., Nelson, H. M., (1990), Structures, Longman Scientific & Technical
• Bell, B. J., (1978), Advanced Theory of Structures, ELBS MacDonald and Evans.
• Popov E.P., (1981), Introduction to Mechanics of solids, Prentice-Hall
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1. Deflections of beams
Introduction
Sources of beam deflections:
• Loads
• Temperature
• Fabrication errors
• Settlement
Why limit deflections in design?
• Serviceability limit state: to provide integrity and stability; to prevent cracking
of attached brittle materials; comfort of occupants
Scope:
• linear elastic material response; deflection caused by internal loadings such as
normal force (eg for truss), shear force and bending moment (eg for beams and
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1. Deflections of beams
Deflection curves
• Represents an elastic curve for the points at centroids of the cross sectional areas
along each of the members
• Deflection shapes and member connection types:
• Roller, pin and fixed supports
• Pin and fixed connected joint

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1. Deflections of beams
Deflection curves

• Illustrative examples: Figure 8-3 and Figure 8-4 (page 307)

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1. Deflections of beams
A. Integration method
B. Moment – area method
C. Conjugate beam method

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1. Deflections of beams - Integration method
Elastic beam theory (Section 8-2) – page 310
Deferential equations that relates:
• Internal moment (M) vs displacement (x)
• Internal moment (M) vs slope (θ)

For the deformed beam shown, we can establish a

Relationship between strain, ɛ, and other parameters
Shown as follows:

Considering that ɛ = σ/E, and σ=-My/I,

Then:

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1. Deflections of beams - Integration method
Elastic beam theory (Section 8-2) – page 310

Note that the term EI is our flexural rigidity

Eq 8-1 can be modified by replacing the radius

of curvature, ρ since dx = ρdθ or ρ=dx/dθ:

Eq 8-1 becomes:

The curvature, 1/ρ, can be expressed as follows:

≈ (8-3)

Equation 8-1 becomes:

(8-4)
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1. Deflections of beams - Integration method
Elastic beam theory (Section 8-2) – page 310

Equation 8-4 is very important and will be used in subsequent beam

deflection methods

v is a vertical displacement function expressed as

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 1. Deflections of beams - Integration method
Integration procedure
• Sign convention: page 307

Boundary and continuity conditions: page 307

• Fixed support:
v = 0, θ = 0
• Pinned support
v= 0, θ ≠ 0

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1. Deflections of beams - Integration method
Integration procedure

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1. Deflections of beams
- Integration method

Analysis procedure

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1. Deflections of beams - Integration method
Illustrative
example :
Example 8-4

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1. Deflections of beams - Integration method
Illustrative
example :
Example 8-4

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1. Deflections of beams - Integration method
Illustrative
example : Example
8-4

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1. Deflections of beams - Integration method
Practice questions-

(a) Fundamental questions (page 314): F8-8, F8-9

(b) Problems (page 315) : 8-1, 8-3, 8-6 and 8-7

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