© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 3-1

Measures of Central Tendency

• Measures of central tendency - are
numerical descriptive measures which
indicate or locate the center of
distribution or data set.
• Three measure of central tendency are
commonly used, namely:
– Mode
– Median
– Mean

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 3-2

The Mode for Ungroup Data
• The most frequently occurring value in a
data set
• Applicable to all levels of data
measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio)

• Bimodal -- Data sets that have two modes

• Multimodal -- Data sets that contain more
than two modes

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 3-3

 Mode -- Example
• The mode is 44.
• There are more 44s 35 41 44 45

than any other value. 37 41 44 46

37 43 44 46

39 43 44 46

40 43 44 46

40 43 45 48

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 3-4

Mode Example 2

1.the data on the number of times 10 mother go

to market every week are shown below.

Find the Mode.

2. Find the mode of the following

measurements: 20, 15, 20, 14, 18, 15, 6
 Median
• Middle value in an ordered array of
numbers.
• Applicable for ordinal, interval, and ratio
data
• Not applicable for nominal data
• Unaffected by extremely large and
extremely small values.

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 3-6

 Median: Computational Procedure
• First Procedure
– Arrange observations in an ordered array.
– If number of terms is odd, the median is the middle
term of the ordered array.
– If number of terms is even, the median is the
average of the middle two terms.
• Second Procedure
Case I: When n is odd
The median’s position in an ordered array is given by
(n+1)/2.
Case II: When n is Even
Median = (n/2) +(n/2+1)observation.
© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 3-7
 Median: Example with
an Odd Number of Terms

Ordered Array includes:

3 4 5 7 8 9 11 14 15 16 16 17 19 19 20 21 22

• There are 17 terms in the ordered array.

• Position of median = (n+1)/2 = (17+1)/2 = 9
• The median is the 9th term, 15.

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 3-8

 Mean
• Is the average of a group of numbers
• Applicable for interval and ratio data,
not applicable for nominal or ordinal
data
• Affected by each value in the data set,
including extreme values
• Computed by summing all values in the
data set and dividing the sum by the
number of values in the data set

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 3-9

 Population Mean


 X X X X
 1 2 3
 ...  X N
N N
24  13  19  26  11

5
93

5
 18. 6

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 3-10

 Sample Mean

X
 X X X X
 1 2 3
 ...  X n
n n
57  86  42  38  90  66

6
379

6
 63.167

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 3-11

 Quartiles
Measures of central tendency that divide
a group of data into four subgroups

• Q1: 25% of the data set is below the first

quartile
• Q2: 50% of the data set is below the
second quartile
• Q3: 75% of the data set is below the third
quartile

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 3-12

 Quartiles, continued
• Q1 is equal to the 25th percentile

• Q2 is located at 50th percentile and equals

the median

• Q3 is equal to the 75th percentile

Quartile values are not necessarily

members of the data set
© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 3-13
 Quartiles

Q1 Q2 Q3

25% 25% 25% 25%

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 3-14

example: Quartiles
The following are test scores (out of 100) for a particular math class.
44 56 58 62 64 64 70 72 72 72
74 74 75 78 78 79 80 82 82 84
86 87 88 90 92 95 96 96 98 100

find the 1st quartiles

Q1= 25% The 8th item represents the 1st quartile (Q1)
25% = 0.25
0.25(30)
7.5
example: Quartiles
The following are test scores (out of 100) for a particular math class.
44 56 58 62 64 64 70 72 72 72
74 74 75 78 78 79 80 82 82 84
86 87 88 90 92 95 96 96 98 100

find the 2nd quartiles

Q2= 50% = median The average of the 15th and 16th items
50% = 0.5 represents the 2nd quartile (Q2) or the median
0.5(30) 50% of the scores were below 78.5.
15
example: Quartiles
The following are test scores (out of 100) for a particular math class.
44 56 58 62 64 64 70 72 72 72
74 74 75 78 78 79 80 82 82 84
86 87 88 90 92 95 96 96 98 100

find the 3rd quartiles

Q3= 75% The 23rd item represents the 3rd quartile (Q3)
75% = 0.75
75% of the scores were below 88.
0.75(30)
22.5
Try these!

Find the mean, median, mode and quartiles

for the following ungrouped data:

1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 6, 5, 5, 7, 4, 8 ,3, 4, 4

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 3-18

 Range
• The difference between the largest and
the smallest values in a set of data
• Simple to compute 35 41 44 45

• Ignores all data points 37 41 44 46

except the
37 43 44 46
two extremes
• Example: 39 43 44 46

Range 40 43 44 =46
Largest - Smallest
= 48 - 35 = 13 40 43 45 48

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 3-19

 Interquartile Range

• Range of values between the first and third

quartiles
• Range of the “middle half”
• Less influenced by extremes

Interquartile Range  Q3 Q1

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 3-20

 The Deciles for Ungroup Data
Deciles
-The decile are the nine score points which
divide a distribution into ten equal parts. They
are denoted as D1 D2 D3 .....,D9. They are
computed in the same way that quartiles are
calculated.

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9
Formula of deciles
D1 is denoted as the first decile under which 10% of the
total population lies.
D2 is denoted as the second decile under which 20% of
the total population lies.
D3 is denoted as the third decile under which 30% of the
total population lies.
D4 is denoted as the fourth decile under which 40% of the
total population lies.
D5 is denoted as the fifth decile under which 50% of the
total population lies.
D6 is denoted as the sixth decile under which 60% of the
total population lies.
D7 is denoted as the seventh decile under which 70% of
the total population lies.
D8 is denoted as the eighth decile under which 80% of the
total population lies.
D9 is denoted as the ninth decile under which 90% of the
total population lies
Example of Deciles

Calculate 2nd, 6th and 8th deciles of following

ordered data
13, 13,13, 20, 26, 27, 31, 34, 34, 34, 35, 35, 36,
37, 38, 41, 41, 41, 45, 47, 47, 47, 50, 51, 53, 54,
56, 62, 67, 82.
Example 2.

1.Mrs. labonete gave a test to her students in

Statistics. The students finished their test in 25
minutes this time is 2.5th decile of the alloted
time. What does this mean
2.Anthony is a secretary in one bigcompany in
Metro Manila. his salary is in the 7th decile.
should anthony be gad about his salary or not?
Seatwork:

The twelve donors donated the following amount

in a charity fund:

500,850,925,800, 600,750, 650, 625,

800,400,725 and 550.

Find D4, D7 and D9.

 PERCENTILES

•The percentiles are the ninety-nine score points

which dtribution into one hundred equal parts, so
the each part represents the data set.
•It is used to characterize values according to the
percentage below them.
•The 1st decile is the 10th percentile (P10). It
means 10% of the data is less than or equal to
the value of P10 oR D1, and so on.
PERCENTILES FOR UNGROUP
DATA
• Percentile from
ungrouped data
could be
calculated from
the following
formulae;
Example:

1.find the 30th percentile or P30 of the following

test scores of a random sample of ten students:
35, 42, 40, 15, 23, 33, 20, 18 and 28.
Solution:
Arrange the scores from the lowest to the
highest .

15 18 20 23 28 28 33 35 40 42
 SEATWORK
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING :

There are 25 test scores such as: 72,54,

56, 61, 62, 66, 68, 43, 69, 69, 70, 71,77, 78,
79, 85, 87, 88, 89, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 99. Find
the 30th, 50th, 70th and 90th percentile?
QUIZ
 SOLVE THE PROBLEMS. FIND THE MODE, MEDIAN,
MEAN, RANGE, INTERQUARTILE RANGE, QUARTILES,
DECILES AND PERCENTILES. THEN LOCATE TO THE
DATA SET .

The following are test scores (out of 100) for a

particular math class.
44 56 58 62 64 64 70 72 72 72
74 74 75 78 78 79 80 82 82 84
86 87 88 90 92 95 96 96 98 100
1.find the mode, median , mean, quartiles,
range, interquartiles range.
2.Calculate the 1st, 4th, 7th and 9th deciles.
3.calculate the 20th, 30th, 60th and 80th
percentiles.