YANGON TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVEREITY

DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

STUDY ON EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS

FOR GAS PROPERTIES & CYCLING
OPEREATIONS

SUPERVISED BY PRESENTED BY
Dr. NAING LYNN MYAT NOE WAI(VPE-12)
 Presentation Outline

• Aim & Objectives

• Introduction
• Properties
• Depletion Strategies
• Conclusion
• References
2
• Aim
Understanding the calculation of gas properties and the depletion
strategies for retrograde gas condensate reservoirs

• Objectives
 To understand the empirical correlations for gas properties
 To understand the limitations of the empirical correlation
 To study other approaches
 To understand the gas cycling

3
 INTRODUCTION

• Gas properties play as the noteworthy roles in analytical calcualtions for gas
production and numerical simulations for long term predictions.

4
 Gas Properties

• Viscosity
• Gas Compressibility factor
• Formation Volume Factor
• Density
• Dew point pressure
• Equilibrium Ratio

5
 Viscosity

Lab studies & measurements Empirical Correlations & EOSs

• Time Consuming • When the required PVT data in

• Expensive laboratory conditions are not
• Laboratory limitations available
• Less time and money consumptions

= gas-phase viscosity
P= pressure of the system
T= temperature of the system
6
= compositions of the gas phase
 7
Limitations
Empirical Correlations
Eqns
Temperature Pressure Gas specific Molecular Wt.
(T,˚F) (P,psia) gravity() of the gas

Lee-Gonzalez-Eakin 100-340 100-8000 - - Sweet gas only(included CO2

Method(1996) concentration 3.2%)
Dempsey’s Standing 100-300 - 0.55-1.55 - Both sweet and sour gases
Method(1965)
Chen and Ruth 99.77-399.65 - - 16-100
Method(1993) (310.8-477.4K)
• Modification of Lee’s
Elsharkway method
Method(2004) - - - - • Effect of non-HC gases &
presences of fractions

Shokir and Dmour 32-460.4 14.5038- - - • GP-OLS

Method(2009) (0-238˚C) 12908.40 • (Atmospheric pressure) not
(1-890bar) needed)
Sanjari-Nemati Lay-
Peymani 1.01≤Tpr≤3 0.01≤Ppr≤21 - -
Method(2011)
 Gas Compressibility Factor(Z)

𝑃𝑉
𝑍 =
𝑛𝑅𝑇

Experimental measurement
EOSs
Charts
Tables
Intelligent Approaches
Empirical correlations 8
Empirical Correlations Limitations
eqn
Tpr Ppr

Shell Oil Co. (2004) Best fit for Standing

Katz Chart
Kareem (2016) based on Hall and
Yarborough's implicit
correlation
Kamari et al (2016) Gene Expression
Programming
Beggs & Brill (1973) Tpr < 0.92 not Best fit for Standing
suggested. Katz Chart
Azizi (2017) 1.1< Tpr <2 0.2< Ppr <11 Only Sweet Gas

Ekechukwu G.K., Oroudo 1.05< Tpr <2 0.2< Ppr <15 Hybrid nonlinear
O.D(2019) optimization technique

9
Statistical performance metrics of the explicit correlations 10

AAPE, MAPE, ( %) R2 RMSE SSE

(%)
Shell Oil Co. (2004) 0.8126 38.4857 0.9987 0.0155 1.0698

Kareem (2016) 0.7869 67.1433 0.9993 0.0107 0.5109

Kamari et al (2016) 4.3991 105.2300 0.9893 0.0491 10.7600

Beggs & Brill (1973) 1.9869 70.5789 0.9964 0.0248 2.7409

Azizi (2017) 8.4368 284.0660 0.9581 0.1017 46.1231

Ekechukwu G.K, Orodu 0.6794 27.7484 0.997 0.0077 0.2659

O.D (2019)

AAPE – Average absolute percent error RMSE –Root Mean Square Error
MAPE –Maximum absolute percentage error SSE –Sum of Squared Error of Prediction
R2 – Coefficient of determination
 Formation Volume Factor( )

=0.02827

11
 Density

Nasrifar and Moshefeghian(1998) proposed a saturated-liquid density

correlation in conjunction with EOSs.

= the apparent molecular weight(by EOS)

P=the reservoir pressure(by Correlation)

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 Dew Point Pressure(DPP,)
Empirical correlations
Nemeth and Kennedy(1967)Eqn
Elsharkway(2002)
Humoud and Al-Marhoun(2001)
Marruffo-maita-Him-Rojas(2002)
Iterative Method
Correlating Factors
• Composition & temperature
• Laboratory measurements from 340 data samples
• 19terms,reservoir composition , reservoir temperature , MW
& sp.gr of C7+
• Field and laboratory PVT data of several gas-condensate fluid
samples from different Middle Eastern reservoirs
• Tpr , Ppr, primary separator (GOR , T , P), C7+faction and
relative densities of separator gas
• Alternating Conditional Expectation(ACE)
• C7+ content as mole fraction, gas-condensate ratio, and
reservoir temperature
• Trial Value of Pd
• =1 (Trial & Error)
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 14

Equilibrium Ratio(K)
A function of the composition of the hydrocarbon mixture, temperature, and
pressure of the system

CorrelationEqn
Wilson’s Correlation • Thermodynamic Equation
• K value for HC

Standing’s Correlation • Based on the plots of log(KiP) versus Fi

Whitson and Torp’s Method • K value at higher pressures
• (convergent pressure) included
• ( Rzasa et al. & Standing Method)

Lohrenze et al.(1963) • K value for non-HC

• K=f(T,P, )
Depletion • Lean Gas Cycling
Stragies • Usage of Nitrogen
• Case study

15
 Lean Gas Cycling
Objective
to maintain the reservoir pressure usually above or near the dew
point to minimize the amount of retrograde condensation.
 
• a special case of miscible-phase displacement of hydrocarbon
fluids for improving recovery.

Disadvantages
• Delayed Gas Sales
• Additional Expenditures
• Liquid recovery may be considerably less than 100%
16
 Uses of Nitrogen

•  an economical alternative to dry natural gas

• it is totally inert (noncorrosive)
• has a higher compressibility factor than lean gas (requires less volume).
• Disadvantages
• increased operating costs caused by corrosion if combustion or flue gas is
used,
• possible additional capital investments and operating costs to remove inert
gas from the sales gas
• potential costs to pretreat before compression and/or to fund reinjection
facilities. 17
Vuktyl Gas Condensate Field

18
The First Pilot Experiment

• 293000bbl at formation conditions of a

mixture of propane and butane
• 35 million of separator gas
• To recover condensate through miscible
displacement of solvent bank
• Broke through only in the two closest
monitor wells
• First- 10.4 to 15.7 bbl per million
• Second 10.4 to 13 bbl per million
• 95% of the solvent produced from the
monitor wells
• About 0.4% condensate recovery

19
1993 Pilot
Test Program

20
Single Well Pilot Projects
• Solvent (ethane and
propane) -10240 to 33000
bbl
• Dry gas ( 1.2 to 4.2
million
• 20% to 40% increase in
productivity of four of
the wells
• Period – 6months to 1.5
years

21
 Conclusion

• Various Approaches of empirical correlation

• Usage of new technology
• Brief description about lean gas cycling

22
 Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Physical Behavior of Gas-Condensates
2.1Phase Behavior
2.2 Flow Behavior
2.2.1 Drawdown Behavior
Chapter 3. Equations of State(EOSs)
3.1 Van der Waals’s Equation of State
3.2 Soave-Redlich-Kwong’s Equation of
State
4.3 Density
4.4 Equilibrium Ratio
4.5 Formation Volume Factor
4.6 Dew-Point Pressure
Chapter 5 Depletion Strategies
5.1 Lean Gas Cycling
5.2 Use of Nitrogen
5.3 Case Study- Vuktyl Gas Condensate
Field

3.3 Peng-Robinson Equation of State Chapter 6 Conclusion

Chapter 4 Gas Properties

4.1 Viscosity
23
4.2 Z Factor
 References

• Fluid Phase Behavior for Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs, by
Alireza Bahadori, 2017
• Novel mathematical correlation for accurate prediction of gas compressibility factor , by
Ekechukwu Gerald Kelechia & Orodu Oyinkepreye David,2019
• Handbook of Genetic Programming Applications, edited by Amir H. Gandomi, Amir H.
Alavi, Conor Ryan,2015
• Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering (Third Edition) by Ronald E. Terry and J. Brandon
Rogers ,2015
• Understanding Gas Condensate Reservoirs (Paper) by Li Fan, Billy W. Harris, A. (Jamal)
Jamaluddin , Jairam Kamath, Robert Mott, Gary A. Pope, Alexander Shandraggin , Curtis
Hays Witson
• Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Volume 5 by Larry W. Lake , Edward D. Holstein, 2007 24
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Thank You!

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