UB INTERNATIONAL

W.L.L.

RIGGING
2018
 RIGGING DEVICES

The following is a discussion on:

 Shackles
 Hooks
 Wire Rope Clips
 Wedge Sockets
 Eyebolts
 Spreader Beams
 Slings
SLINGS
BEAMS
 BEAMS

 The use of beams reduces the risk of crushing

objects that are fragile or may damage slings
with sharp edges. Some beams can combine 2
cranes to lift a heavy load.
RIGGING HARDWARE
 LIFTING DEVICES

There are many

different lifting
devices
 LOAD SAFETY

 Each load that is attached to a crane

has a significant value to the
company; it also has the potential to
cause extreme injury and death to
operators and workers. It is
necessary to understand the basic
principles behind safe loading.
 LOAD SLIPPAGE

Correct balance and sling arrangements stabilize loads

LOAD PROTECTION

Softeners are used to

protect loads and slings
from unnecessary
damage
LOAD BALANCE
 SURROUNDING
ENVIRONMENT

 Temperature
 Light
 Foreign material
 Chemical
 LOAD RATING

All equipment used

for lifting must be
“Load rated”
EFFECT OF LOAD….HOW DO WE KNOW
SWL UNLESS LOAD RATED?
 CRANE SAFETY

 Be Aware
 Be Safe
 Common Sense will prevent
most dangerous
occurrences
PPE
WHY DO WE WEAR PPE?

 Gloves
 Hard Hat
 Safety Glasses
 Safety Shoes
 INSPECTIONS

 Periodic
 Usually monthly to yearly and performed by
qualified engineers and inspectors.

 Frequent
 Described as daily to monthly inspections,
performed by engineers and inspectors

 Pre-use
 Every time the hardware is used
 SHACKLES

Areas to check for wear

 SHACKLE USE

Never Load Shackles in the Wrong Direction

 There is only one safe direction to load a shackle
What will happen here?

And here?
TYPES OF SHACKLE
 Check bearing

and load points

HOOKS
HOOKS
 LOADED HOOK

Effect of overloading a hook

 EYE BOLTS

 Check eye bolts for

wear at bearing points.

 Check threads.
 Check shank .
LOADING PRECAUTIONS

 Plane eye bolts can only be used in straight pulls.

 Shouldered eyebolts can only be pulled at angles
greater than 45 degrees.
 Remember load capacity is reduced when pulled
at angles
 Never load any eye bolt

out of plane.

 Angle pulls, in plane, reduce capacity

TURNBUCKLES
 WIRE ROPE CLIPS

 Should Not be Used for overhead lifting

 PLATE CLAMPS

 Plate clamps have mechanical moving

parts
 Careful, inspection, maintenance is
needed
 Make sure surface of plate is clean and
free from scale.
 BEAM CLAMPS

 Beam clamps must be seated

correctly, squarely.
 Load on beam to which attached must
be calculated
 SYNTHETIC SLINGS

 Synthetic slings are highly versatile and offer

better load protection.

 Must be load rated

 PRECAUTIONS

 Although efficient and have many advantages,

Synthetic slings need care
 CHAIN SLINGS

 Need to be load rated

 Not suitable on many sites
 CHAIN LINKS

 Recognised, load rated link

(Mechanical Coupling Link)

 NOT to be used!
(Quick Link)
 WIRE ROPE
 Wire Rope comes in many forms nowadays. Only a few are
suitable for slinging purposes.
 Using the wrong lay or type of rope could be catastrophic.
 MANY TYPES OF ROPE

Rotation resistant rope

 LUBRICATION

 Keeping a rope lubricated is key to predictable long life

 LAY AND WEAR
Regular lay

Lang lay
 LAY

 1. Rotation of strands in relation to rotation of

rope.
 2. Strands run clockwise or anticlockwise
 3. Length of one strand rotation.
 WIRE ROPE CARE

 Must have tags like other lifting equipment

 Must be inspected regularly like other equipment
WIRE ROPE INSPECTION
 Does this rope need replacing?
 WIRE ROPE END FITTINGS

 There are many types of end fitting, most are not used for slings
and many have specific applications
 POURED SOCKET (SPELTER)

 Resin or liquid metal (usually zinc) is poured into

the socket, bonding with the rope and creating a
wedge
SWAGED CONNECTION

 A steel sleeve is pressed onto the wire to create

the connection.
 WEDGE SOCKETS

 Correct Installation is Highly important

 Need careful, constant inspection

WIRE ROPE SPLICE

 Usual connection found on

slings.
 Creates 70%- 90% of rope
strength
 Flemish eye is the best for
distributing load and overall
efficiency
 EYE FAILURE

 Crushed Thimble
 Cracking Swage
 Broken wires around swage
 SLING HITCHES

 Stabilize the load

 Control the load
 Correct use reduces spinning of load in
transit
 Choose hitch carefully according to
application and need.
 TYPES OF HITCH

 Vertical
 Turning
 Choker (Double, Double Wrap)
 Basket (Double, Double Wrap)
 Bridle
 EFFECT OF SLING ANGLE

 Decreasing sling angles reduce load ability of

slings. Never use below 30o
 VOLUME

 Length X Width X height

 3 X 2 X 10 = 60 cm3

 ΠR2 X Height
 3.14 X 6.42 X10 =1287 cm3
 =0.001287 m3
 MASS

 From the volume calculation we can find the

mass (weight) by multiplying the unit weight of
the load by the total volume.

 Eg, concrete weighs 2400 Kg/m3

 0.001287 X 2400 = 3.08 Kg
 SLING ANGLE STRESS
 Calculating the load angle
factor (LAF) allows us to
understand the effect that
sling angle has upon
capacity of slings.
 It is simply length/height.

 It shows us the apparent

extra load, allowing us to
choose the correctly rated
sling.
 CENTER OF GRAVITY

 We need to know the centre of gravity of

everything that is lifted.
 It balances the load, keeping it level and
predictable.
 It controls the load on each sling in a bridle hitch
 HOW COG WORKS
 Load is increased by
distance from a centre.
 A 2Kg block in the
middle of a beam has
the same effect as a
1Kg block 2m from the
middle of the same
beam.
COG EXAMPLE
 EXAMPLE

 From the Left:

 1Kg X 0.5m = 0.5Kg/m
 3 Kg X 3.5m = 10.5Kg/m
 11Kgm/4Kg= 2.75m
 CALCULATING LOAD

 We know CoG is 2.75 metres from left side.

 Total weight is 4kg
 CoG is where LOAD is equally shared (not
weight)
 EXAMPLE

Example for Load Calculation.

Unit weight is 1400kgm3

 2.75/4 X 100 = 68.8%
 100-68.8= 31.2% of load on left
 Left Sling carries 4/100 X 31.2= 1.25KG
 ADDING LAF

 We know the load on the left and right sides.

 We need to know the sling stress.

 Assume Hook is 2.5m above load

 Apply A2+B2=C2
 We know A and B, it is easy to find C
 C is the length of sling
 B is the height (from pickup point)
 Length/ height = LAF
 LAF X load = Total load on sling
 FINDING LAF AND TOTAL
LOAD

C B
 2.752 X 2.52= 13.8
A
 √13.8=3.7m=C
 3.7/2.5=1.48
 1.48 x 1.25Kg=1.85Kg
 EXAMPLE

Example for Load Calculation.

Unit weight is 1400kgm3

 BRIDLE SLING CHARTS

 Only suitable if CoG is in centre of load

 LAF is already calculated
 Limited scope on angles
 Good for quick reference
SINGLE LEG SLING CHARTS

 Give ratings for when using common hitches

 LAF must be applied
 More flexibility for calculations
 Suitable for off centre CoG calculations
 3 AND 4 LEG SLINGS

 Loads shift easily between legs

 Extra strains on master links
 Calculate as 3 even if using 4
 Only add stability
 3 legs good for stabilising circular loads or ‘T’
shaped loads
 Any 2 legs should be able to carry entire load.
 HAND SIGNALS

 Stay in plain view of crane operator

 Make signals clear
 Be aware of other site traffic and personnel
 The crane operator relies upon hand signals to
know what to do even in emergencies!
HAND SIGNALS
HAND SIGNALS
HAND SIGNALS
HAND SIGNALS
HAND SIGNALS
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION