INTEGUMENTARY

SYSTEM

Name: Sheena A. Tapado

Course/Year/Section: DMD 1-A
Instructor: Mr. Gerard Maningas
OBJECTIVES
Identify and describe the functions of the
integumentary system.
Identify the parts of integumentary system.
Identify different structure related to
integumentary system and its function.
Identify the medical specialists associated with the
integumentary system.
Integumentary System
• The integumentary system is the largest organ of the body
that forms a physical barrier between the external environment
and the internal environment that it serves to protect and
maintain.

The INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM includes:

• Skin (epidermis, dermis)
• Hypodermis
• Associated glands
• Hair
• Nails.
General Function
• The integumentary is the covering of the human body and its'
most apparent function is physical protection: skin - a tightly
knit network of cells, with each layer contributing to its
strength. The epidermis has an outermost layer created by
layers of dead keratin that can withstand wear and tear of
the outer environment, the dermis provides the epidermis
with blood supply and has nerves that bring danger to
attention amongst other functions; hypodermis provides
physical cushioning to any mechanical trauma through adipose
storage; glands secrete protective films throughout the body;
nails protect the digits; hairs throughout the body filter
harmful particles from entering the eyes, ears, nose, etc.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSYEM
• The skin is the body’s first line of
defense acting as a physical barrier
preventing direct entry of pathogens.
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and
lipids on the skin also act as a
biomolecular barrier that disrupts 
bacterial membranes. Resident
immune cells, both myeloid and 
lymphoid cells are present in the
skin, and some, eg Langerhans cells
or dermal dendritic cells, can travel
to the periphery and activate the
greater immune system.
• When our body undergoes trauma with a
resulting injury, the integumentary
system orchestrates the wound healing
process through hemostasis,
inflammation, proliferation, and
remodeling.
• Thermoregulation: The skin has a large
surface area that is highly vascularized,
which allows it to conserve and release
heat through vasoconstriction and
vasodilation, respectively.
• Vitamin D synthesis: The primary
sources of vitamin D are sun exposure
and oral intake (crucial for bone health)
• Sensation- Skin innervation is by
various types of sensory nerve
endings that discriminate pain,
temperature, touch, and
vibration. Each type of receptor
and nerve fiber varies in its
adaptive and conductive speeds,
leading to a wide range of signals
that can be integrated to create
an understanding of the external
environment and help the body
to react appropriately.
ORGAN INVOLVED and its FUNCTION
Skin
• Waterproofs the body and prevents
fluid loss.
• Plays a role in the immune system.
• Major receptor for the sense of touch.
• Helps the body synthesize vitamin D
from the sun’s ultraviolet light, while
screening out harmful ultraviolet
radiation.
• Made up of two layers—the superficial
epidermis and the deeper dermis.
Epidermis
• Outermost layer of the skin
• Made up of several specialized
epithelial tissues.
• Squamous epithelial tissues
forms upper layer; these are
scaly cells that are continually
sloughed off. ( Scale like)
• Epidermis does not contain
blood vessels; dependent on
lower layers for nourishment.
Epidermis
Basal layer:
-area where cells are made - cells
are pushed upward and become
keratinized when they reach the
surface.
Keratin: fibrous, water-
repellant protein
soft keratin: epidermis
hard keratin: hair and nails
Epidermis
Basal layer:
• also contains melanocytes, which are
cells that produce melanin (dark
brown to black pigment)
• Melanin: determines skin color and
protects skin from UV rays.
• Ultraviolet (UV) refers to light
beyond the visible spectrum at the
violet end;
• some UV help produce vitamin D but
others can cause skin damage.
Dermis
• Thick layer of living tissue directly
below the epidermis.
Contain:
connective tissue
blood and lymph vessels
nerve fibers
hair follicles
sebaceous glands
sweat glands
Dermis
•Sensitive nerve endings in the
dermis receive impulses that enable
the body to recognize sensory
stimuli such as touch, temperature,
pain, and pressure.
•Tactile means pertaining to touch.
•Perception is the ability to
recognize sensory stimulus.
Dermis
Tissues within the dermis:
Collagen (glue): tough, yet flexible, fibrous protein
material.
 It is also found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
 Ingredient in some cosmetics claiming it minimizes wrinkles.

Mast cells: respond to injury or infection by producing and

releasing substances including heparin and histamine.
 Heparin: anticoagulant
 Histamine: released in response to allergens, causes itching
and increased mucous secretion.
 Hypodermis
• The hypodermis is the bottom layer of skin in your body. It
has many important functions, including storing energy,
connecting the dermis layer of your skin to your muscles and
bones, insulating your body and protecting your body from
harm.

The hypodermis lies between the dermis and

underlying organs.
• Commonly referred to as subcutaneous tissue
• Composed of loose areolar tissue and adipose tissue.
• Provides additional cushion and insulation through its function
of fat storage and connects the skin to underlying structures
such as muscle
Associated Structures

Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Hair
Nails
 Sebaceous Glands

• Location: dermis layer of the skin

closely associated with hair follicles.
• Secretion: sebum , which is released
through ducts opening into the hair
follicles.
• Function: lubricates the skin.
• Mammary glands: modified
sebaceous glands
 Sweet glands
• Tiny, coiled glands found on almost
all body surfaces.
• Most numerous on the palms of the
hands, soles of the feet, forehead
and armpits.
• Ducts open on the surface of the
skin, through pores.
• Sweat (perspiration), is secreted by
sweat glands; made up of 99% water
plus some salt and metabolic waste
products.
Sweet glands
• Perspiring (secreting sweat), is a
means of excreting excess water;
cools the body as sweat evaporates
into the air
• Body odor associated with sweat
comes from interaction of
perspiration with bacteria on the
skin’s surface.
• Hidrosis: production and excretion
of sweat.
Hair
• Hair is a component of the
integumentary system and extends
downward into the dermal layer where
it sits in the hair follicle.
• Hair fibers are rod-like structures
composed of tightly fused, dead
protein cells filled with hard keratin.
• Darkness of hair color is determined
by the amount of melanin produced by
melanocytes that surround the core
of hair shaft.
 Hair
• Hair follicles: sacs that hold the
root of the hair fibers.
• Arrector pili (erector muscles):
tiny muscle fibers attached to the
hair follicles that cause the hair to
stand erect.

Arrector pili muscle

 Hair
• Goose bumps (piloerection):
contraction of pili muscles in
response to cold or fright; this
action reduces heat loss through
the skin.
Nails
• Also known as unguis.
• Keratin plate involving the dorsal plate
of the last bone of each toe and
finger.
• Nails form as layers of keratin and
appear at the dorsal tips of the
fingers and toes.
• Nails function to protect the fingers
and toes while increasing the precision
of movements and enhancing sensation.
 Nails
Parts of the nail:
• Nail body:
translucent
closely molded to the surface of the
underlying tissues
made up of hard, keratinized plates of
epidermal cells.
• Nail bed:
joins the nail body to the underlying
connective tissue.
nourishes the nail
• Free edge: portion of the nail not attached
to the nail bed; extends beyond the tip of
the finger or toe.
Nails
• Cuticle (little skin):
narrow band of epidermis attached
to the surface of the nail just in
front of the root.
• Lunula (little moon):
pale, half-moon-shaped region at
the nail root; generally found in
thumbnails and in varying degrees in
other nails.
plural: lunulae
• Root: fastens nail to the finger or toe
by fitting into a groove in the skin.
Medical Specialties
• Dermatologist: specializes in
diagnosing and treating disorders of
the skin.
• Cosmetic Surgeon: Plastic surgeon;
specializes in the surgical
restoration and reconstruction of
body structures.
(Plastic refers to plasty *surgical
repair)
THAT’S ALL,THANK YOU!!!