SESSION 13

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

English II
Integumentary System
Components and Definition
Integumentary System

• The integumentary system comprises the skin and

its appendages acting to protect the body from
various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or
damages from outside.
• The integumentary system includes hair, and nails.
It has a variety of additional functions:
• it may serve to waterproof, and protect the deeper tissues
• excrete wastes
• regulate body temperature
• is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain,
sensation, pressure, and temperature.
• The integumentary system also provides for vitamin
D synthesis.
Skin
• Skin is the soft outer tissue covering of
vertebrates with three main functions:
protection, regulation, and sensation.
The skin is the largest organ of the
body. In humans, it accounts for about
12 to 15 percent of total body weight
and covers 1.5-2m2 of surface area.
The skin is the largest organ in the
body and covers the body's entire
external surface
• The skin interfaces with the
environment and is the first line of
defense from external factors.
Skin Thickness and Composition
• In humans, the skin located under the
eyes and around the eyelids is the
thinnest skin in the body at 0.5 mm
thick, and is one of the first areas to
show signs of aging such as "crows
feet" and wrinkles.
• The skin on the palms and the soles of
the feet is 4 mm thick and is the
thickest skin on the body.
• In humans, skin pigmentation varies
among populations, and skin type can
range from dry to non-dry and from
oily to non-oily.
Skin Structure
• Skin has mesodermal cells: The
pigmentation, such as melanin, is provided
by melanocytes, which absorb some of the
potentially dangerous ultraviolet radiation
(UV) in sunlight. It also contains DNA repair
enzymes that help reverse UV damage, such
that people lacking the genes for these
enzymes suffer high rates of skin cancer.
• One form predominantly produced by UV
light, malignant melanoma, is particularly
invasive, causing it to spread quickly, and can
often be deadly.
Skin Fibers
• COLLAGEN - Collagen is the most • RETICULIN - acts as a supporting
abundant protein in the body. Is used mesh in soft tissues such as liver,
to make connective tissue and it is a
major component of bone, skin,
bone marrow, and the tissues
muscles, tendons, and cartilage. and organs of the lymphatic
• ELASTIN - It's a stretchy protein that
system. Is made of a mesh of
resembles a rubber band — it can type 3 collagen.
stretch out (extend) and shrink back
(recoil). It's a major component of
tissues the your body that require
stretchiness, like the lungs, bladder,
large blood vessels and some
ligaments.
Skin Layers
Functions and features
Skin Layers
• The human skin (integument) is composed of at
least three major layers of tissue: the epidermis,
dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue).
• The epidermis is the outermost layer, providing the
initial barrier to the external environment. It
contains melanocytes and gives color to the skin.
The deepest layer of epidermis also contains nerve
endings.
• Beneath this, the dermis comprises two sections,
the papillary and reticular layers, and contains
connective tissues, vessels, glands, follicles, hair
roots, sensory nerve endings, and muscular tissue.
• The deepest layer, the hypodermis, is primarily
made up of adipose tissue. Substantial collagen
bundles anchor the dermis to the hypodermis in a
way that permits most areas of the skin to move
freely over the deeper tissue layers.
Epidermis
• The epidermis is the top layer of skin made up of
epithelial cells. It does not contain blood vessels. Its
main functions are:
• Protection
• absorption of nutrients
• homeostasis.
• It contains four types of cells:
• Keratinocytes – The main cells of the epidermis
• Melanocytes - produces the protective skin-darkening pigment melanin
• Merkel cells - important for proper neural encoding of light touch stimuli
• Langerhans cells - act as the outermost guard of the cutaneous immune system

• It is also divided in 4 additional layers:

• Stratum Corneum
• Stratum Granulosum
• Stratum Spinosum
• Stratum Basale
Epidermis and Keratin
• The major cell of the epidermis is the
keratinocyte, which produces keratin, a
fibrous protein that aids in skin protection.
• Keratin is also a waterproofing protein.
Millions of dead keratinocytes rub off daily.
The majority of the skin on the body is
keratinized. The only skin on the body that is
non-keratinized is the lining of mucous
membranes, such as the inside of the mouth
(allowing water to "stay" atop the structure).
• The protein keratin stiffens epidermal tissue to
form fingernails.
Fingernails

• A nail is a hard part of the body at the tip of the fingers and
toes, of which most people have ten. Toenails and fingernails
are similar, except that toenails grow four times slower. Only
certain mammals have nails: mostly, they are found in
primates. Nails grow from a thin area called the nail matrix at
an average of 1 mm per week. The lunula is the crescent-
shape area at the base of the nail, lighter in color as it mixes
with the matrix cells.
• Nails never stop growing. They must be cut from time to time
(trimming).
• Some nails can grow into the skin. This is called an ingrowing
nail. They can hurt, so are often treated through medicine
Fingernails

• The functions of nails are not obvious. They include:

• Protecting the fingertip, protecting the distal phalanx, and
the surrounding soft tissues from injuries.
• Helping delicate movements of the fingertips by allowing
counter-pressure on the pulp of the finger. The nail then
acts as a counterforce when the end of the finger touches
an object. This improves the sensitivity of the fingertip, even
though there are no nerve endings in the nail itself.
• The nail is a tool. For example, when a person pulls out a
splinter in a finger. Also, it may be used for some cutting or
scraping actions.
Dermis

• The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that

consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress
and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a
basement membrane. It also harbors many nerve endings that
provide the sense of touch and heat.
• It contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands,
apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.
• The dermis is structurally divided into two areas:
• a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, called the papillary region
• a deep thicker area known as the reticular region.
• These layers serve to give elasticity to the integument, allowing stretching and
conferring flexibility, while also resisting distortions, wrinkling, and sagging.
Hair

• Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the

dermis. Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals.
• Most common interest in hair is focused on hair growth, hair types,
and hair care, but hair is also an important biomaterial primarily
composed of protein, notably alpha-keratin.
• Humans and some other animals have lost much of their hair
through evolution.
• Hair can have different functions:
• It can protect against losing body heat. This is thought to be the
basic, original function of hair.
• It protects against UV radiation, which damages the skin.
• It can protect against rain or water. Air can be trapped in the fur,
or oil can be secreted by the skin. Both these methods prevent
the rain or water from making the body too cold.
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Tissue)
• The hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue) is the
innermost layer of skin in your body.
• The hypodermis has many functions, including:
• Connection: The hypodermis connects your
dermis layer to your muscles and bones.
• Insulation: The hypodermis insulates your body to
protect you from the cold and produces sweat to
regulate your body temperature, protecting you
from the heat.
• Protecting your body: The hypodermis allows
your skin to move smoothly over the tissues and
muscles underneath it. Without the hypodermis,
your skin would rub against those tissues and
muscles. It also acts as a shock absorber to protect
your organs, muscles and bones from harm.
• Storing energy: The hypodermis produces fat cells
(adipocytes), which store energy.
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Tissue)
• The hypodermis layer includes:
• Adipose tissue: Adipose tissue is a fatty tissue that
consists mostly of adipocytes.
• Blood vessels
• Bursa: A bursa is a small, slippery, fluid-filled sac in your
body and act as a cushion and lubricant. They protect
bones from rubbing or sliding against tendons, muscles or
skin.
• Connective tissue: The proteins collagen and elastin make
up the connective tissues in your body.
• Fibroblasts: Fibroblasts are a type of cell in your
connective tissue. They release collagen, which helps
make up your connective tissue.
• Hair follicles
• These have Sebaceous Glands
• Lymphatic vessels
• Macrophages: Macrophages are a type of white blood
cell. They attack and destroy microbes.
• Nerves
• Sweat glands:
Adipose Tissue
• Adipose tissue, otherwise known as body fat, is
a connective tissue that extends throughout
your body. It’s found under your skin (
subcutaneous fat), between your internal
organs (visceral fat) and even in the inner
cavities of bones (bone marrow adipose tissue).
• Body fat is primarily known for storing and
releasing energy and providing insulation.
However, scientists now recognize that it’s also
an active organ in your endocrine system.
• Adipose tissue contains nerve cells and blood
vessels and communicates through hormone
signals with other organs throughout your body. It
has several important functions in regulating
whole-body health. But these can malfunction if
you have too much or too little of it.
Sebaceous Glands
• Sebaceous glands are exocrine glands. These
glands lubricate and moisturize the skin with
an oily secretion which is called sebum and
the sebaceous glands also play minor roles in
the thermoregulation of the body and its
protective role that armors us against the
invasion of infections because sebum is acidic
and not an environment that germs thrive in.
• The majority of sebaceous glands
anatomically lie in the face and head,
although sebaceous glands are found in all
body surface areas which the exception of the
palms of the hand and soles of the feet.
Sweat Glands
• Sweat glands are eccrine and apocrine
glands that secrete sweat to the surface
of the skin.
• Sweat glands, as apocrine glands, are
found under the arms in the axillar area;
they perform little function among
humans.
• On the other hand, sweat glands, as
eccrine glands and found across the body
secrete a substance that cools the body
off with perspiration and they eliminate
some bodily wastes. Perspiration is a
response to heat and stress and
perspiration is a cooling-off mechanism.
A SUMMARY: SKIN
• https://www.youtube.com/
watch?
v=OxPlCkTKhzY&ab_channel=TE
D-Ed
Skin Disorders
The basics of skincare
Ultraviolet Radiation (UV)
• Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a form of
non-ionizing radiation that is emitted
by the sun and artificial sources, such
as tanning beds. The “beneficial”
effects of UV radiation include the
production of a vital nutrient, vitamin
D; however, overexposure may
present risks which in time outweigh
the benefits:
• Sunburn, premature aging, and skin
cancer are all risks to overexposure.
Keeping you and others protected from
UV radiation is an important, year-round
responsibility.
Types of Ultraviolet Rays
• UV A (Think of A as in Aging)
• Not absorbed by the ozone layer
• Known to cause premature aging and wrinkles and
may play a role in some skin cancers.
• These make up most of the sun’s rays that reach the
skin.
• UV B (Think of B as in Burning)
• Mostly absorbed by the ozone layer, but some does
reach the Earth’s surface
• May damage the DNA or genetic material within skin
cells.
• They’re thought to be responsible for most skin
cancers.
• These make up about 5 percent of the sun’s rays that
reach the skin.
• UV C
• The most dangerous, but are absorbed by the ozone
layer and don’t reach the Earth’s surface.
Is UV exposure safe?
• Some UV radiation is essential to the body as it
stimulates the production of vitamin D. Vitamin
D has an important function in increasing
calcium and phosphorus absorption from food
and plays a crucial role in skeletal development,
immune function and blood cell formation.
• There is no doubt that a little sunlight is good
for you! But 5 to 15 minutes of casual sun
exposure of hands, face and arms two to three
times a week during the summer months is
sufficient to keep your vitamin D levels high
(but always accompanied with sunscreen
protection).
• Closer to the equator, where UV levels are
higher, even shorter periods of exposure
suffice.
• Hence, for most people, vitamin D
deficiency is unlikely. Possible exceptions
are those who have very limited sun
exposure such as the housebound
elderly, or those with heavily pigmented
skin who live in high-latitude countries
where UV levels are relatively low.
• Casual Sun Exposure includes being
indoors with windows uncovered.
Recognizing the need for vitamin D, many
countries have introduced supplements
into common food like flour, cereals and
milk. Naturally occurring vitamin D is very
rare in our diet, it is present mainly in fatty
fish and cod liver oil.
Is UV exposure safe?
• UV radiation risk could also
outweigh the benefits: UV radiation
has been used to successfully treat
a number of diseases, including
rickets, psoriasis, eczema and
jaundice.
• This therapeutic use cannot
eliminate the negative side-effects
of UV radiation but treatment takes
place under medical supervision to
ensure that the benefits outweigh
the risks.
Is Tanning safe?
• The truth about a suntan
• There is no such thing as a healthy tan!
The skin produces a dark-coloured pigment,
melanin, as a shield against further damage
from UV radiation. The darkening provides

NO
some protection against sunburn: a dark
tan on a white skin offers a sun protection
factor of between 2 and 4. However, it is no
defence against long-term UV damage
such as skin cancer. A suntan may be
cosmetically desirable, but in fact it is
nothing but a sign that your skin has been
damaged and has attempted to protect
itself (your skin is suffering).
Is Tanning safe?
• Risks:
• Sunburn is a sign of short-term overexposure, while
premature aging and skin cancer are side effects of
prolonged UV exposure. High doses of UV radiation kill
most of the skin cells in the upper skin layer, and cells that
are not killed get damaged. In its mildest form, sunburn
consists of a reddening of the skin called erythema. This

NO
appears shortly after UV radiation exposure and reaches a
maximum intensity between 8 and 24 hours
• UV exposure increases the risk of potentially blinding eye
diseases, if eye protection is not used.
• Overexposure to UV radiation can lead to serious health
issues, including cancer. Skin cancer is the most common
cancer in the United States. The two most common types
of skin cancer are basal cell cancer and squamous cell
cancer. Typically, they usually form on the head, face, neck,
hands, and arms because these body parts are the most
exposed to UV radiation. Most cases of melanoma, the
deadliest kind of skin cancer, are caused by exposure to UV
radiation.
Is Tanning safe?
• Photosensitivity
• A small percentage of the population have a skin
condition that makes them particularly sensitive to
the sun's UV rays. A minimal dose of UV radiation is
sufficient to trigger an allergic reaction leading to rash
or severe sunburn. Photosensitivity is often
associated with the use of certain medications,
including some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
and painkillers, tranquillizers, oral anti-diabetics,
antibiotics and antidepressants.
NO
• The wrinkle factor
• Sun exposure promotes the ageing of your skin due to
a combination of several factors. UVB stimulates cell
proliferation in the outer layer of the skin. As more
and more cells are produced the epidermis thickens.
UVA penetrating into the deeper skin layers disturbs
the connective tissue: the skin gradually loses its
elasticity.
Skin Cancer
• Non-melanoma skin cancers
• Basal cell carcinoma, In contrast to malignant
melanoma, the non-melanoma skin cancers
basal and squamous cell carcinoma are not
usually fatal but surgical treatment can be
painful and result in scars. Non-melanoma
skin cancers are most frequent on those parts
of the body that are commonly exposed to the
sun such as ears, face, neck and forearms. The
finding that they are more frequent in
outdoor than in indoor workers suggests that
the accumulated life-time exposure to UV
radiation plays a major role in the
development of non-melanoma skin cancers.
• Basal cell carcinomas are the most
common type of skin cancer. Their
reported incidence has drastically
increased over the past two
decades and continues to rise.
They usually appear as a red lump
or scaly area, however, no clear
precursors have been identified.
They grow slowly, rarely spread to
other parts of the body
(metastasize) and can be removed
surgically
Skin Cancer
• Melanoma skin cancers
• Malignant melanoma is the rarest
but most dangerous type of skin
cancer. It is one of the most
common cancers among 20- to 35-
year-olds, especially in Australia
and New Zealand. All forms of skin
cancer have been on the increase
over the past twenty years,
however, the highest rate of
increase worldwide is noted for
malignant melanoma.
• Malignant melanoma may arise as a new mole or
as changes in colour, shape, size or sensation of
an old spot, freckle or mole. Melanomas tend to
have an irregular outline and a patchy colouring.
Itching is another common symptom but is also
found in normal moles. If recognized and treated
early, the chances of survival are good. If
untreated, the tumour can develop rapidly, and
cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body.
• The causes of malignant melanoma are not fully
understood. Exposure during childhood is
thought to be more important than exposure
later in life with the theory that more than 6 to 9
sunburns before the age of 10-12 contributes to
its appearance later in life.
WEAR SUNSCREEN,
ALWAYS!
Even on cloudy days! It is not marketing, it is medical science!
Although clouds do block visible light, they’re not as effective as blocking
UV rays. In fact, some research suggests that UV rays are stronger on cloudy
days, so it’s still important to wear sunscreen when it’s cloudy outside.
And, Windows? Most types of glass, including windows, are effective at
blocking UVB rays. However, they aren’t as useful in blocking UVA rays, so
it’s a good idea to sit a few feet away from windows, or wear sunscreen
when sitting near windows.
Acne
• Acne is a common skin
condition that happens when
hair follicles under the skin
become clogged. Sebum and
dead skin cells plug the pores,
which leads to outbreaks of
lesions, commonly called
pimples or zits. Most often, the
outbreaks occur on the face but
can also appear on the back,
chest, and shoulders.
• Acne is an inflammatory disorder of the skin:
In healthy skin, the sebaceous glands make
sebum that empties onto the skin surface
through the pore, which is an opening in the
follicle. Keratinocytes line the follicle.
• Normally as the body sheds skin cells, the
keratinocytes rise to the surface of the skin.
When someone has acne, the hair, sebum,
and keratinocytes stick together inside the
pore. This prevents the keratinocytes from
shedding and keeps the sebum from reaching
the surface of the skin. The mixture of oil and
cells allows bacteria that normally live on the
skin to grow in the plugged follicles and cause
inflammation—swelling, redness, heat, and
pain.
Alopecia Areata
• Alopecia areata is a disease that causes
round patches of hair loss. It can lead to
total hair loss. Alopecia areata is an
autoimmune disease. That means your
immune system, which normally helps
protect the body from infection and disease,
attacks the hair follicles.
• In most cases, hair falls out in small, round
patches about the size of a quarter,
producing a few bare patches. Hair loss is
more widespread in some people. In rarer
cases, the disease can cause total loss of hair
on the head (referred to as alopecia areata
totalis) or the entire body (alopecia areata
universalis).
Atopic Dermatitis
• Atopic dermatitis, often referred to as eczema,
is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that causes
inflammation, redness, and irritation of the
skin. It is a common condition that usually
begins in childhood; however, anyone can get
the disease. Atopic dermatitis
is not contagious, so it cannot be spread from
person to person.
• Atopic dermatitis causes the skin to become
extremely itchy. Scratching leads to further
redness, swelling, cracking, “weeping” clear
fluid, crusting, and scaling. In most cases,
there are periods of time when the disease is
worse, called flares, followed by periods when
the skin improves or clears up entirely, called
remissions.
Psoriasis
• Psoriasis is a chronic (long-
lasting) disease in which the immune
system becomes overactive, causing skin
cells to multiply too quickly. Patches of
skin become scaly and inflamed, most
often on the scalp, elbows, or knees, but
other parts of the body can be affected as
well. Scientists do not fully understand
what causes psoriasis, but they know that
it involves a mix of genetics and
environmental factors.
• The symptoms of psoriasis can
sometimes go through cycles,
flaring for a few weeks or months
followed by periods when they
subside or go into remission.
• Most forms of psoriasis are mild or
moderate and can be successfully
treated with creams or ointments.
Managing common triggers, such
as stress and skin injuries, can also
help keep the symptoms under
control.
Vitiligo
• Vitiligo is a chronic (long-lasting) disorder that • The cause of vitiligo is unknown, but
causes patches of skin to lose pigment or color.
This happens when melanocytes – skin cells that
research suggests that vitiligo may be
make pigment – are attacked and destroyed, an autoimmune disease, thus the
causing the skin to turn a milky-white color. immune system attacks the cells that
• There are two types of vitiligo: gives color to the skin.
• Nonsegmental or generalized vitiligo is the most
common type. It happens when the white patches
appear symmetrically on both sides of your body,
such as on both hands or both knees. This type of
vitiligo can have rapid loss of color or pigment and
tends to cover a large area.
• Segmental vitiligo is much less common and
happens when the white patches are only on one
segment or side of your body, such as a leg, one side
of the face, or arm. This type of vitiligo often begins
at an early age and progresses for about 1 to 2 years
and then usually stops.
 LOOK FOR THE DEFINITIONS • Acanthosis
• Macules • Eczema
• Papules • Blemish
• Nodules • Furuncle
• Patches • Cellulitis
• Pustules
•
• Cherry Angioma
Vesicles
• Abscess • Clavus
• Atrophy • Contact Dermatitis
• Crust (Scab) • Desquamation
• Cyst • Dimple Sign
• Melasma • Ephelis (Freckles)
• Rosacea • Hives
• Keloids
• Rash
• Wart
• Ecchymosis • Impetigo
• Lichenification • Lentigo
• Scale • Induration
• Scar • Ringworm
• Wheal

Vocabulary Review
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