OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT

CIRCUIT TEST OF SINGLE

PHASE TRANSFORMER
A transformer can be defined as a static device which helps in the transformation of electric powerin one
circuit to electric power of the same frequency in another circuit. The voltage can be raised or lowered in a
circuit, but with a proportional increase or decrease in the current ratings.
Principle of transformers action
• Transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction between two (or more) coupled
circuits or coil. According to this principle an E.M.F is induced in a coil if it links a changing flux.
Short Circuit Test on Transformer
• The connection diagram for short circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure. A
voltmeter,wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in high voltage (HV) side of the transformer as
shown.The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that HV side with the help of a variance of variable
ratio Auto transfer.
• .
The LV side of the transformer is short circuited. Now with the help of variance applied voltage isslowly
increased until the ammeter gives reading equal to the rated current of the HV side. Afterreaching at rated
current of HV side, all three instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Watt-meter readings) are
recorded. The ammeter reading gives the primary equivalent of full loadcurrent
• As the voltage applied for full load current in short circuit test on transformer is quitesmall compared to
the rated primary voltage of the transformer, the core losses in transformer canbe taken as Negligible
here.
• Let’s say, voltmeter reading is Vsc. The input power during test is indicated by wattmeter reading.As the tra
nsformer is short circuited, there is no output; hence the input power here consists of
copper losses in transformer. Since, the applied voltage Vsc is short circuit voltage in the
transformer and hentmeter reading can be taken as equal tocopper  losses in transformer. Let us consider
wattmeter reading is Psc .
Zsc = Vsc/I2.
cos(Phi) =Pc/Vsc.I2
Zeq²=Req²- Xeq²
•  
• These values are referred to the HV side of transformer as because the test is conducted on Hvside of
transformer. These values could easily be referred to LV side by dividing these values withsquare of
transformation ratio.
• Precautions:
• All the connections must be tightly.
• Do not bend while taking the readings
• No loose wires should lie on the work table.
• Thick wires should be used for current circuit and flexible wires for voltage circuits.
• The multiplying factor of wattmeter should be correctly used.
 THE END
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