Lesson 7 Energy Efficiency Adapted

What must we consider
when building for our

community?
Energy efficiency
Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Energy efficiency
About this lesson Curriculum link
Science: Working scientifically

In this lesson you are going
to research methods and WALT
materials that can be used
to create an energy- • Define and calculate energy efficiency.
efficient building. • Identify how energy can be dissipated in a building.
• Use data to evaluate materials and design features that
You will add your research aim to improve the energy efficiency of a building.
to your design portfolio and
use it to support your final WILF
design. • Energy transfer diagrams and efficiency calculations.
• An annotated plan of a building identifying where energy
is dissipated, with suggestions to reduce it.
• A portfolio page based on the Passivhaus standard.

Science Curriculum
Working scientifically: Physics
Energy: Energy changes and transfers
• heating and thermal equilibrium: temperature difference between two objects
leading to energy transfer from the hotter to the cooler one, through contact
(conduction) or radiation; such transfers tending to reduce the temperature
difference; use of insulators.
Energy: Changes in systems
• energy as a quantity that can be quantified and calculated; the total energy has the
same value before and after a change.

Task: Lightbulbs
All of the lightbulbs in your classroom need replacing. Here are your choices:
Type of Power Efficiency Lifetime Cost per

(W) (%) (hours) bulb (£) Uses Drawbacks
bulb
Filament 100 20 1000 0.50 Room Inefficient, gets hot.
lighting
Halogen 100 25 2500 2.00 Spotlights Inefficient, gets hot.
Low- 25 80 15000 2.50 Room Takes a few minutes for full
energy lighting brightness.
fluorescen Contains mercury which is toxic.
t
Low- 2 90 30000 7.00 Spotlights Expensive to buy, several LEDs are
energy needed for the same brightness as
LED one halogen bulb.

Task: Lightbulbs
Developing Proficient Advanced

State the type of bulb Justify the type of bulb Evaluate the bulbs in
you would install in your you would install in your order to select one type
classroom and give a classroom using data to install in your
simple reason for your from the table. classroom.
choice.

Lightbulb task: Feedback
What factors did you consider when making your choice?
• Cost
• Lifetime
• Energy efficiency
Can you define these terms?
Challenge
Can you justify which factor is most important?
All of these factors and more need to be considered for your Grand Design.

What does this image represent?
• Have you ever seen one of these

before?
• Where?
• Why?
• What are they used for?

Energy Performance Certificate (EPC)
• Click on the image to see an example EPC

that shows the energy efficiency rating
(relating to running costs) of a building.
• The rating is shown on an A–G rating scale,
similar to those used for fridges and other
electrical appliances.
• The EPC includes recommendations on how
to improve the energy efficiency.

Energy transfers
• Useful energy is energy transferred to where we want it in the way it is wanted.

• Wasted energy is energy that is not usefully transferred. Wasted energy is
dissipated (spread out).
• The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or
destroyed, it can just be transferred between energy stores.
Useful energy transferred = total energy input – energy dissipated

Task: Energy transfers
• Draw this energy transfer diagram for a filament light bulb.
• The arrows represent energy inputs and energy outputs. J
40
200J
Ther
mal

State the energy input State the input energy Describe the energy
(what type of energy and output energy for transfers occurring in
goes into the filament the filament light bulb. the filament bulb.
bulb) and the useful Identify and calculate Can you calculate the
energy output. the dissipated energy. efficiency of the bulb?

Task: Energy transfers – answers
Developing Proficient
Advanced
State the energy input State the input energy and Describe the energy
(what type of energy goes output energy for the transfers occurring in
into the filament bulb) andfilament light bulb. Identify the filament bulb.
the useful energy output. and calculate the Can you calculate the
dissipated energy. efficiency of the bulb?
The energy input to the The energy input to the Electrical energy is
bulb is electrical energy. bulb is electrical energy. transferred into light
The useful energy output and thermal energy in
The useful energy is light energy. the lightbulb. 40 J of
output is light energy. light energy is useful
Thermal energy is energy.
dissipated.
Dissipated energy = 200 – Efficiency = 40 ÷ 200 =
40 = 160 J 0.2

What is energy efficiency?
Energy efficiency is the fraction or percentage of useful energy transferred of the total
energy put in into a system.
Efficiency = useful energy transferred ÷ total energy input
WAGOLL
gy
A TV transfers 2000 J of electrical energy into light, sound and thermal energy. en er
ul erre
d
f
800J of energy is dissipated. e
Us rans
t
f
a. Identify the form of energy that is dissipated. Total energy

input
b. Calculate the efficiency of the TV.
Useful energy transferred = total energy input – energy dissipated (w Dissip
ast
ed ated
)e
ne
Useful energy transferred = 2000 – 800 = 1200 J rgy
Efficiency = useful energy transferred÷ total energy input = 1200 ÷ 2000 = 0.6

Further tasks
0 J
6
Developing: Draw and label the energy transfer diagram with
the types of energy. Calculate the total input energy and the ?
efficiency of the bulb. 40 J
Proficient: Draw and fully label this energy transfer diagram.

t
Each arrow needs a label and a value. Ligh
Choose from 300 J and 400 J. ?
Calculate the efficiency of the bulb. 100
J
Advanced: Efficiency = useful energy transferred ÷ total

i g ht
energy input L
This bulb has an efficiency of 0.7 or 70%. 500 J
Ther
Calculate the amount of light energy transferred. mal
State the unit.
Further tasks: Challenge
• Draw an energy transfer diagram for an appliance of your choice.

Identify the energy input and outputs.
• Estimate the values of the useful and dissipated energy.
• Now draw an energy transfer diagram and estimate the values of
the useful and dissipated energy for an appliance with several
energy outputs.

Further tasks: answers
ht
Li g J
Developing: 60
100 J Ther
Total input energy = 60 + 40 = 100 J ma l
40 J
Efficiency of the bulb = 60 ÷ 100 = 0.6
0 J
Proficient: Electrical 0
3 Light
Efficiency of the bulb = 300 ÷ 400 = 0.75 400 J Ther
m al
100
J
Advanced: 0 J
Electrical 5
3 ght
0.7 = useful energy transferred ÷ 500 Li
0.7 × 500 = useful energy transferred 500 J 150 J
Therm
350 J = useful energy transferred al
Task: Energy efficiency importance
Why is energy
efficiency important?
• Think
• Pair
• Write a sentence or
short paragraph

Task: Energy efficiency importance – answers
Why is energy efficiency important?

• It saves money.
• It reduces electricity or fuel used.
• Less electricity can mean less
carbon dioxide is released.
What else can you think of?

Can a building be energy efficient?
Does a building have energy inputs? Yes / No
Does a building transfer energy? Yes / No
Can energy be dissipated from a building? Yes / No
Therefore we can measure, calculate and improve the energy efficiency of a building.

Dissipated energy
This image was produced using an infra-
red camera.
• White/pink/red indicates lots of
radiation is being emitted (hot areas).
• Blue indicates little radiation is being
emitted.
• The dog’s fur is acting as a good
insulator and is reducing energy
transfer by radiation.
• We can use thermal imaging cameras
to identify where energy is dissipated in
buildings.
• If we can reduce dissipated energy, we
can improve the energy efficiency of
the building.
Task: Dissipated energy
1. Where is energy being dissipated in these houses?
2. How is the energy dissipated?
Use the information from

the previous slide to check
your answers.

Task: Types of thermal energy transfer
Label the three types of thermal energy transfer shown on this diagram.
Occurs in solids
Does not require

particles (travels
through a
vacuum)
Occurs in fluids
(liquids and gases)
Task: Types of thermal energy transfer answers
Occurs in solids
Does not require

particles (travels
through a vacuum)
Occurs in fluids WALT 2: Identify how energy

can be dissipated in a building.
(liquids and gases)
Developing task: How can you reduce dissipation of energy to make a building
more efficient?
Reduces energy
Loft insulation transfer by
Match the type of
conduction
insulation to the correct
Reduces energy statement.
Cavity wall
transfer by
insulation
convection You need to link back to
Reduces energy your knowledge from
Draught proofing
transfer by Science lessons.
– make it airtight
convection
Reduces energy
Double or triple transfer by
glazed windows conduction and
convection
Developing task: How can you reduce dissipation of energy to make a
building more efficient? – answer
Reduces energy
Loft insulation transfer by
conduction
Reduces energy
Cavity wall
transfer by
insulation
convection
Reduces energy
Draught proofing
transfer by
– make it airtight
convection
Reduces energy
Double or triple transfer by
glazed windows conduction and
convection
Proficient task: Insulation and U-values
Typical U-values for parts of
• The U-value of a material is a measure of how much buildings
thermal energy is transferred through the material. Element U value (Wm-2K-1)
• The U-value depends on the thickness of the material. Single glazing 5.5
Double glazing 1.8
• The lower the U-value, the more slowly energy is Super-insulated walls 0.15
transferred through the material, so it is a better Super-insulated floor
0.1
insulator. or roof
Typical walls 0.35 to > 1.0
Typical roof 0.16 to 0.6
Typical floor 0.25 to > 0.6
Typical windows
Look at the data in the table. 1.8 to 5.0
and doors
1. Which part of building is the best thermal conductor?
2. Which part of building is the best thermal insulator?
3. Why is there a range of values for some of the parts?
Proficient task: Insulation and U-values – answers
1. Which part of building is the best thermal conductor?

Single glazed windows.
2. Which part of building is the best thermal insulator?
Super-insulated floor or roof.
3. Why is there a range of values for some of the parts?
Differences in materials, thickness.

Advanced task: Go further: K-values
The K-value of a material is the thermal conductivity.
The greater the thermal conductivity of the material, the greater the rate of energy
transfer through it (it is a better conductor).
Look at the data in the table on the Go further worksheet.
1. Choose three materials that would be good insulators.

2. House walls need to be both strong and provide insulation. Which of the
masonry materials will be best at this?

Advanced task: Go further: K-values – answers
1. Choose three materials that would be good insulators.

Expanded polystyrene, air, mineral wool, fibre glass, hemp.
2. House walls need to be both strong and provide insulation.
Which of the masonry materials will be best at this?
Brick or concrete.

For your portfolio
This house has no thermal insulation. The
family who live here like to have their
central heating switched on all of the time,
regardless of the weather and
temperature outside.
1. You are going to identify all of the

places on the building where
thermal energy can be dissipated.
2. You are going to link this to the
scientific method of energy transfer.
3. You are going to suggest how this Can you remember the three methods of
could be reduced. thermal energy transfer?

For your portfolio task
Add arrows to the diagram Suggest where and how Complete proficient task
of the house to show (which method of energy and suggest how the
where the thermal energy transfer) most of the energy transfer from the
can be dissipated. energy is dissipated from home may vary,
the home. depending on the external
Suggest how this could be temperature.
reduced. Suggest how this could be
reduced.
Annotate these areas with
suitable building materials. Use materials and data
from the tables to support
your answer.

Is this a WAGOLL?
How would roof
What kind of
What type of thermal insulation reduce this?
insulation?
energy is dissipated
through the roof?
PFI
WWW • Suggest suitable materials for
• There are arrows to show each type of insulation.
direction of energy transfer • Explanation of how thermal
• The diagram is annotated to energy is dissipated at each
show where energy can be part of the house.
dissipated in the building. • Explain how each type of
There are labels to show insulation can reduce this.
changes that can reduce
energy dissipation.
Swap portfolios with someone else
and give them verbal feedback.
How do triple glazed windows Spend 5 minutes acting upon the
reduce energy dissipation? feedback you receive.
What kind of
insulation?
Eco-friendly buildings
So far we have examined how a building can be energy efficient in terms of thermal
energy:
• cost of materials and construction
• availability/sustainability of materials
What other factors do you
• properties of materials
need to consider when
• how energy efficient the process or building will be selecting materials for
• carbon footprint your building?
• life span.
In this section of the lesson we are going to explore some features of buildings that
make them energy efficient and ‘eco-friendly’.
You are going to create a portfolio of research to use in your final building design.
The Passivhaus standard
Wilkinson Primary School in

Bilston was burned down in an
arson attack in 2010. Click on the
image to see how the school was
rebuilt in a huge project, meeting
the Passivhaus standard.
But what is Passivhaus? You can

also use the infographic to make
additional notes.

Achieving the Passivhaus standard
Passivhaus buildings provide a high level of occupant comfort while using very
little energy for heating and cooling. Achieving the Passivhaus standard in the UK
involves:
• accurate design modelling using the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP)
• very high levels of insulation
• extremely high-performance windows with insulated frames
• airtight building fabric
• 'thermal bridge free' construction
• a mechanical ventilation system with highly efficient heat recovery.
You are going to carry out some research and collate your ideas in your portfolio.
There is already a page created in your portfolio for you.
Your ultimate aim is to design your building to the Passivhaus standard.
Time to do some research
The next slide shows a WAGOLL research page, but for a different theme. There are
also slides containing ideas and web links for you to use.
• You are going to carry out some research and collate your ideas in your portfolio.
There is already a page created in your portfolio for you.
• As you build up your page of research you should find a way to identify the ideas you
think may be suitable to incorporate into your final design.
Choose at least three Choose at least three Choose at least four
ideas to research. ideas to research and ideas to research.
Include images and explain. Suggest Evaluate the benefits
descriptions of what benefits and and disadvantages of
they are and how they disadvantages of the the ideas. Consider
work on your portfolio ideas. social, economic and
page. environmental factors.

WAGOLL Design Brief & Research Analysis
Client Target Market
My client is a 22 year old who enjoys baking and Evaluation: On this page I have discussed the brief, my target market and my client. I have also summarised my research.
My target market is based
decorating. Precision and accuracy when baking is a on people who mainly
key to her passion, therefore I need to ensure my who have a passion for
design and product ergonomically takes this into What I need to find Primary – what did I find out ? Secondary – what did I find out?
baking and decorating.
consideration. She uses many fluids with various out
This could include chefs,
thickness to decorate. On some occasions many bakers or cooking How much does it cost to From analysing a existing product I found out that the piping tool cost £15. From researching online I found out that there are a range of prices for a piping
different types of decorative liquids are used, hence enthusiasts. It is based for manufacture a piping tool? This is a reasonable price for a piping tool considering it’s materials and tool. Prices ranged from £5–325.
a product which is easy to clean out is essential for a market between the
multifunctional complex aspects.
my client. She produces a lot of product on a daily ages of 16–35.This
basis hence a product which has a easy function demographic of people What sizes do piping tools By measuring a piping tool first hand I found out that the size was 15cm in From researching online I came to the conclusion that piping tools can vary in
and efficient tools is a key to my design in order to come in? length , 4cm width and 6cm in height. shape and size ranging from 7cm in length to 15cm. This shows that there are
have disposable income different sizes for different piping tools.
fulfil my client needs. Overall, my client is looking which means they can
for a design that will allow her to be precise, give a afford to purchase this How are such baking/piping From holding and observing a piping tool I found out that it had round edges By researching online I found out that piping tools are safe, from the materials
comfortable experience and to be able to use the product easily. tools safe? and smooth curves with no sharp edges, making it safe to use. It also used and the shape having round edges and smooth curves.
product repeatedly. In order to fulfil these needs I consisted of non- flammable materials.
need to ensure my product is durable and easy to
use. What functions can a piping By analysing a product first hand I figured out that it had a handle and a From my secondary research I found out that piping tools can have various
tool have? changeable nozzle with different shapes. It had a pully that could be removed functions such as knife, spoon and fork accessories with storage components,
for cleaning and refilling purposes. fondant tools, cookie cutters and various shaped nozzles.
What materials would a The piping tools I observed were made out of plastic and white ABS. From researching I found out that piping tools can be made out of various
Time Management piping tool be made out of? materials like mahogany, plastic, ABS and metals such as aluminium and
Below is a Gantt chart which will help me to ensure that I am on track for this stainless steel.
project. The project should take roughly 40 hours to complete from start to finish.
What kind of ergonomics The piping tool I observed compromised of a section which allowed the user Piping tool’s ergonomics include curves and cut out sections to allow the user
does a piping tool need? to place the fingers for more comfortable use. to easily hold onto the piping tool. In most scenarios the piping tool is made to

September October November December January February March
be easy and comfortable to use by using materials that change to fit the
anthropometrics of the user.
SECTION 1
- Identifying and

investigating
design How are piping tools made By analysing a piping tool first hand I found out hat it used many materials From my research online I found out that piping tools can use different natural
possibilities
to look aesthetically which were varying in colours and shapes, making the product aesthetically materials to make it aesthetically pleasing and the shapes of the handles.
pleasing? pleasing. Its smooth, round shape and texture gave it an aesthetically
SECTION 2
- Design brief and
pleasing look.
spec
What environments are From my primary research I came to the conclusion that piping tools are From my secondary research I found out that piping tools are mostly used
SECTION 3 piping tools used in? mostly used indoors in the kitchen, whether it being at a house or on a large indoors in baking and therefore in the kitchen.

- Generating ideas scale in restaurants.
SECTION 4
Who would use a piping From the questionnaire I carried out I found out that people who tend to have From researching online I found out that most people who are interested in
- Developing ideas
tool? a passion for baking and decoration use piping tools the most. baking and decorations such as bakers, chefs and food tech students are more
SECTION 5
likely to use this product.
- Realising design
ideas
What themes do piping By analysing a piping tool first hand I found out that the piping tool has no Piping tool may come in various themes in order to suit specific customers. The
SECTION 6 tools` have? specific themes and used natural materials in order to suit a range of clients. themes can be made to suit different genders by suing different colours. The
- Analysing and
evaluating shapes vary to fit in themes that would suit more younger users.
Evaluation: This page has allowed me to understand what my clients want and what decisions to make when designing and creating my product. E.g. the use of materials as it’s not
used outside so I would consider factors such as it’s toxicity and won’t pay attention to the effect of weather on the material or the corrosion resistance.

Images and features for inspiration
• Natural light
• Glazing
• Insulation
• Airtight/draughtproofing
• Sustainable and recycled
materials
• Carbon neutral or
carbon positive
• Renewable energy

Sources
Refer to the theme overview for ideas if needed. You can also use these websites to
find out more. You are more than welcome to carry out independent research, too.

5 tips for building an eco-ho Top reasons for Passivhaus What is an eco-home?
me building
7 eco houses to inspir
Bitesize – sustainable living Energy-efficient building desi e an energy-efficient b
gn uild
Social factors – affect people and communities.

Economic factors – money: are processes cost-effective, will the building generate money?
Environmental – affect the environment, either positively or negatively. Sustainability?

Further sources
• Energy efficient Tesco store

• Windows and doors for eco-friendly homes
• Using natural light
• 10 inspiring sustainable eco-houses
• The 20 most eco-friendly buildings on Earth

Review
• What new knowledge have you gained this lesson?

• Which features are you considering using in your final design?
• Are there any areas from this lesson you want to learn more
about?
• Is there anything you need some support with?
Next steps
• Set yourself between one and three targets – what can you do between now and
finishing your design to make sure it is as good as it can be?
• Write a summary.

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What must we consider

when building for our

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

About this lesson Curriculum link

Science: Working scientifically

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Type of Power Efficiency Lifetime Cost per

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Developing Proficient Advanced

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

• Have you ever seen one of these

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

• Click on the image to see an example EPC

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

• Useful energy is energy transferred to where we want it in the way it is wanted.

Useful energy transferred = total energy input – energy dissipated

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Developing Proficient Advanced

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Efficiency = useful energy transferred ÷ total energy input

a. Identify the form of energy that is dissipated. Total energy

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Proficient: Draw and fully label this energy transfer diagram.

Advanced: Efficiency = useful energy transferred ÷ total

• Draw an energy transfer diagram for an appliance of your choice.

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Why is energy efficiency important?

What else can you think of?

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Use the information from

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Does not require

Does not require

Occurs in fluids WALT 2: Identify how energy

1. Which part of building is the best thermal conductor?

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Look at the data in the table on the Go further worksheet.

1. Choose three materials that would be good insulators.

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

1. Choose three materials that would be good insulators.

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

1. You are going to identify all of the

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Wilkinson Primary School in

But what is Passivhaus? You can

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Grand Designs© 2020 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

Developing Proficient Advanced

Social factors – affect people and communities.

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

• Energy efficient Tesco store

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

• What new knowledge have you gained this lesson?

Grand Designs© 2021 Shireland Collegiate Academy Trust

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