Nanomaker

Lab #9: Piezoelectricity and Thermoelectricity

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 Energy
Harvesting
Piezoelectricity
Thermoelectricity

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 Energy Harvesting

Illustration of energy harvesting sources removed due to copyright restrictions.

Refer to: Fig. 1 in Kume, Hideyoshi. "From Low Power to No Power through Energy Havesting:
Powering Up the Battery-Free World." Nikkei Electronics Asia, October 31, 2010.

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 Energy Harvesting
Source Harvested Power
Vibra>on (efficiency: up to 50 % )
Human 4 μW/cm2
Industrial 100 μW/cm2
Heat
(efficienc 30 μW/cm2
y: up to
10 % ) 1810 mW/cm2

human
industrial 10 μW/cm2

Light 10 mW/cm2
(efficienc
y: up to
40 % ) 0.1 μW/cm2
Indoor 1 μW/cm2
outdoor
RF
(efficien 4

cy: up
 Energy
Harvesting
Piezoelectricity
Thermoelectricity

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 Vibration Transduction Mechanisms
Piezoelectric
Strain in piezoelectric
material causes a CapaciDve ElectromagneDc
charge Change in capacitance RelaDve moDon of a
causes either voltage or magneDc mass causes
separaDon (voltage
across capacitor) charge current in a coil
increase

Image of electromagnetic transduction mechanism

removed due to copyright restrictions.

Roundy et al., Computer William and Yates, Sensors

Renaud et al., Sensors and and Actuators A, 52 (1996) 8
Communications 26 (2003)
Actuators A, 145-146 (2008) 1131
Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.
380

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 +
− Piezoelectric Effect
Discovered in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie during studies into the
effect of pressure on the generaDon of electrical charge by crystals.

I
I I (+) I
−− − (+) (−)
(−) + +
+++ + −− − +++ +
−
− − − − − − − −
(+) (−) (+)
++ + ++ +
(−)
Direct piezoelectric effect Converse piezoelectric effect

Polarizing (poling): Exposure to strong electric field at an elevated temperature

(−)
+ + +
Axis polarizaDon

−
− −

(+)
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Piezoelectric Conversion

D = dT +
eE
D = electric displacement [C/m ]2

d = piezoelectric coefficient
[C/N] T = stress [N/m2]
 = permittivity [F/m]
E = electric field [V/m]
 Piezoelectric Materials
Rochelle Salt was the first material discovered to exhibit piezoelectricity

"baking "cream "piezoelectri

soda" of tartar" c crystals"

sodium bicarbonate [NaHCO3] potassium bitartrate [KHC4H4O6] Potassium sodium tartrate [KNaC4H4O6·∙4H2O ]

• Crystals: Quartz (crystalline SiO2), Cane sugar, Rochelle salt

• Ceramics: Lead zirconate Dtanate (PZT), Barium Dtanate (BaTiO3)
• Polymers: Polyvinylidenfluoride (PVDF)

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 Applications

Actuator
(electrical to mechanical)

Piezoelectric buzzer NanoposiDoning Piezo inkjet printer

Power source
(mechanical to electrical)

Paper-­‐based
Grill lighter Energy harvesDng piezoresisDve force sensor
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 Piezoelectric Lighter

1. Observe sparks
2. Connect to LED

Mechanical shock is
converted to electricity
Breakdown voltage
in air???

7KLV LPDJH LV LQ WKH SXEOLF GRPDLQ.

A small, spring8powered hammer rise off the surface of the piezo crystal strikes the
crystal as the gas is turned on. The impact creates a large voltage across the crystal,
and therefore a spark between the wires, which ignites the gas.

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 Piezoelectric Buzzer
1. Observe movements
2. Connect to LED
3. Connect to FuncDon Gen.
4. Connect to Tone Gen. Extended state
(+)
AC Voltage applied
(−)
Photograph of piezoelectric elements of a contact microphone
removed due to copyright restrictions.
Refer to: Photograph on Wikimedia Commons. shrunk state
(−)

(+)

A piezoelectric diaphragm consists of a piezoelectric ceramic plate which has

electrodes on both sides and a metal plate.

When AC voltage is applied across electrodes, the bending is repeated, producing

sound waves in the air.

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 Atomic Force Microscope

Images removed due to copyright restrictions.

Refer to: CD image and gold metastructure image in Wikimedia Commons.

7KLV LPDJH LV LQ WKH SXEOLF GRPDLQ.

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 Van der Waals Force

Graph of net intermolecular force intensity removed due to copyright restrictions.

Refer to: Fig. 10 from Barr, Ewan J. "Modelling Atomic Force Micrscopy (Using An Euler-Bernoulli Beam Equation)."

A small probe (nm) is brought close to or in contact with a surface

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Piezoelectric printer
 Energy
Harvesting
Piezoelectricity
Thermoelectricity

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 Heat Transduction Mechanisms
Thermoelectric
Direct conversion of
temperature differences to Heat Engine
System that performs the
electric voltage (Seebeck) conversion of heat
and vice versa (PelDer) or
thermal
energy to
mechanical work

Courtesy of Nature Publishing Group. Used with permission.

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 Thermoelectric Effect

Thomas Johann Seebeck was a physicist who in

1921 discovered the thermoelectric effect.

7KLV LPDJH LV LQ WKH SXEOLF GRPDLQ.

• Direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage (Seebeck) and vice versa (PelDer)
• Module contains n and p8type doped semiconductor connected electrically in series and thermally in
parallel
• Charge carriers diffuse due to temperature difference and moDon of charge carriers results in an
electrical current
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 Figure of
Merit SEMI-
INSULATORS CONDUCTORS SEMIMETALS

METALS


Carrier concentration

Courtesy of Nature Publishing Group. Used with permission. ZT

Seebeck Electrical
coefficient conducDvity
Terminal S, σ, and k that we measure are average values.

S 2 …vary with nanopar@cle size, shape, and density,

ZT  T …vary with superlaBce period, flatness, grain size,
 …vary with alloy composi@on.
thermal conducDvity
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 Fiiiggguuurrreee oof
MMeerriiittt

3.5 1

3.0
0.

ZT: Figure of Merit

2.5 8
SiGe
2.0 0.
(ZT)300K

6 BiSb PbT
Discovery of e
1.5
Compounds with
0.
1.0 ZT < 1 4
Bi2Te3
0.5 0.
Bi2Te3 and alloys with Sb, Se 2
0.0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Yea 1200
r
Temperature (K)
ZT was less than 1 for a long Dme Room Temperature

ZT changes with temperature

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 Heat Sources

Industrial Processes Solar Thermal

Can be constant source Weather, latitude and
of heat and require high seasonal variability
temperature technologies can extend operation

Automotive Living Space (HVAC)

Requires systems that
Requires high temperature
harvest at low
technologies and/or air
temperature differentials
flow

Aviation Human Body

Altitude and speed Requires systems that
dependent, weight harvest at low
is temperature differentials
important

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 Thermoelectricity Generator

Q
Heat Source
THot

TEG
TEG

HS
Sink

TCold

Devices convert heat directly into electrical energy. The typical efficiencies are
around 5810%. And the most common material is bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3)
semiconductor p8n juncDons with thicknesses in the millimeter range.
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 Applications
(PelDer) (Seebeck)

Watch
Seat Cooling/
HeaDng

Exhaust Pipe
Wine
Cooler

Water Pipe

Laser Pulse
Cooling Oximeter

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 How much energy can you generate from waste
heat in engines?

Driveshaft
Coolant
Lines

Electric Bypass
Pump Valve

Electrical
Connections
Underfloor
Catalyst
TEG

Flex Couplings

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How much energy can you generate from waste heat in engines? Answer: 300 W

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Thermoelectric Cooler
1. Take it apart
2. Measure resistance of TE module
3. Measure Seebeck coefficient of TE module

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 Conclusions

Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., http://www.science

direct.com. Used with permission.

D = dT + Courtesy of Nature Publishing Group. Used with permission.

Seebeck Electrical
coefficient conducDvity
D = electric displacement [C/m2]
EE
d = piezoelectric coefficient
[C/N] T = stress [N/m2]
 = permittivity [F/m] S 2
E = electric field [V/m] ZT  T

thermal conducDvity
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