DESIGN OF TALL STRUCTURES

POOJA H A
 INTRODUCTION
Tall buildings
Tall Buildings as defined by Council On Tall Buildings And Urban Habitat

• Buildings higher than 50m is termed as Tall Building.

• Buildings higher than 100m is termed as Skyscraper.

• Buildings 300m or higher is termed as Super tall.

• Buildings 600m or taller is termed as Mega-tall.

 BASIC DESIGN CRITERIA

1. Limit state design philosophy

2. Loading
3. Sequential loading
4. Strength and stability
5. Drift limitations
6. Stiffness
7. Human comfort
8. Creep, shrinkage and temperature effects
9. Fire
1. Limit states design Philosophy:
• The aim of this approach is to ensure that all structures and their constituents
components are designed to resist with reasonable safety the worst loads and
deformation that are liable to occur during construction and service, and to have
adequate durability during its lifetime.

• The entire structure, or any part of it, is considered as having “ failed” when it
reaches any one of the limit states

• Two types of limit state that must be considered in the design are:
• Ultimate limit states.
• Serviceability limit states.

• The ultimate limit states corresponding to the loads to cause failure, including
stability : since events associated with collapse would be catastrophic, endangering
lives and causing serious financial losses, the probability of failure must be very low.

• The serviceability limit states, which involve the criteria governing the service life of
the building . Since the consequences are not catastrophic, a higher probability of
occurrence is permitted.
 A particular limit state may be reached as a result of an adverse
combination of random conditions .

 Partial safety factors are employed for different conditions that

reflect the probability of certain occurrences or circumstances of
the structure and load existing .

 The implicit objective of the design calculations is then to

ensure that the probability of any particular limit state being
reached is maintained below an acceptable value for the type of
structure concerned.
2. LOADING
 The structure must be designed to resist the gravitational and
lateral forces, both permanent and transient that will be sustained
during construction and during the expected useful life of the
structure.

 Forces will depend on the size and shape of the building, and its
location.

 Load combinations depend on the probable accuracy of estimating

the dead and live loads, and the probability of the simultaneous
occurrence of different combinations of gravity loading with either
wind or earthquake forces. The accuracy of these loads is included
in limit states design through the use of prescribed factors.
Seismic Forces Wind Forces
SEQUENTIAL LOADING:

 For dead loads, the construction sequence should be

considered to be the worst case.

 It is usual to shore the freshly placed floor upon several

previously cast floors.

 The construction loads on the supporting floors due to the

weight of wet concrete and its formwork will greatly exceed the
loads of normal service conditions.

These loads must be calculated considering the sequence of

construction and the rate of erection.
STRENGTH AND STABILITY :
 The primary requirement of the ultimate limit state design procedure is
that the structure have adequate strength to resist and remain stable under
the worst probable loads during lifetime.

 This includes all critical load combinations, augmented moments from

second-order deflections(P-delta) plus an Adequate reserve.

 Particular attention must be paid to critical members, whose failure could

prove catastrophic in initiating a progressive collapse of part of or the entire
building.

 Finally, the whole building must checked checked against toppling as a

rigid body about one edge of the base. Moments are taken about that edge
with the resisting moment of the dead weight of the structure to be greater
than the overturning moment by an acceptable factor of safety.
STIFFNESS AND DRIFT LIMITATIONS:

 The provision of adequate stiffness, particularly lateral

stiffness, is a major consideration in the design of a tall building
for several important reasons.

 As far as the ultimate limit state is concerned , lateral

deflections must be limited to prevent second-order P-Delta
effects due to gravity loading being of such a magnitude as to
precipitate collapse.

 In terms of the serviceability limit states, deflections must first

be maintained at a sufficiently low level to allow the proper
functioning of nonstructural components
 The parameter that measures the lateral stiffness is the drift
index.

 It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deflection at the top of

the building to the total height of the building.

 In addition, each floor has an index called the inter- storey drift
index which checks for localized excessive deformation.

 There is no unambiguous or widely accepted values for drift

index, but 1/400 is a traditionally accepted limit.

 Different countries use from 0.0001-0.0005. Lower values are

used for hotels or apartments other than office buildings because
the noise and discomfort at those levels are unacceptable for
conventional structures, the preferred range is 0.0015-0.0030.
Human Comfort :

 Buildings subjected to both lateral and torsional deflections ( plus

vortex shedding and other usual effects) may induce in their human
occupants from discomfort to acute nausea.

 Motion as that have psychological or psychological effects on the

occupants may thus result in an otherwise acceptable structure
becoming an undesirable or even un rentable building.

 Threshold curves are available that give various limits for human
behaviour , ranging from motion perception through work difficulty
to ambulatory limits, in terms of acceleration and period.

 A dynamic analysis is then required to allow the predicted

response of the building to be compared with the threshold limits.
VORTEX SHEDDING
LOADS
 LOADING
 Loading on tall buildings is different from low-rise buildings in many
ways such as large accumulation of gravity loads on the floors from top to
bottom, increased significance of wind loading and greater importance of
dynamic effects.

 Multi-storyed structures need correct assessment of loads for safe and

economical design.

 Except dead loads, the assessment of loads can not be done accurately.

Live loads can be anticipated approximately from a combination of

experience and the previous field observations.

 Wind and earthquake loads are random in nature and it is difficult to

predict them. They are estimated based on a probabilistic approach.
 Gravity loads

 Dead loads due the weight of every element within the structure
as well as live loads that are acting on the structure when in service
constitute gravity loads.

 The dead loads are calculated from the member sizes and
estimated material densities.

 Live loads prescribed by codes are empirical and conservative

based on experience and accepted practice.

 The equivalent minimum loads for office and residential

buildings as per IS 875 are as specified in Table -1
 Table – 1 Live load magnitudes [IS: 875 - 1987 Part -II]

Occupancy Uniformly Concentrated load

classification distributed load (kN)
(kN/m2 )
Office buildings
Offices and Staff 2.5 2.7
rooms
Class rooms 3.0 2.7
Corridors, Store 4.0 4.5
rooms and Reading
rooms
Residential buildings
Apartments 2.0 1.8
Restaurants 4.0 2.7
Corridors 3.0 4.5
 LIVE LOAD REDUCTION TECHNIQUE (IS Method)

 Reduction in imposed (live) load may be made in designing

columns, load bearing walls etc., if there is no specific load like
plant or machinery on the floor.

 This is allowed to account for reduced probability of full

loading being applied over larger areas.

 The supporting members of the roof of the multi-storeyed

building is designed for 100% of uniformly distributed load.

 Further reductions of 10% for each successive floor down to a

minimum of 50% of uniformly distributed load is done.
 The live load at a floor level can be reduced in the design of
beams, girders or trusses by 5% for each 50m2 area supported,
subject to a maximum reduction of 25%.

 In cases where the reduced load of a lower floor is less than

the reduced load of an upper floor, then the reduced load of the
upper floor should be adopted in the lower floor also.

Number of floors (including the

Reduction in Total Distributed
roof) to be carried by member
Imposed Loads in %
under consideration
1 0

2 10

3 20

4 30

5-10 40

Over 10 50
 IMPACT GRAVITY LOADING

Impact loading occurs as a gravity live load in the case of an

elevator being accelerated upward or brought to a rest on its way
down.

An increase of 100% of the static elevator load has usually been
used to give a satisfactory performance of the supporting structure.
 CONSTRUCTION LOADS

Construction loads are often claimed to be the most sever loads that
a building has to withstand
 O U
K Y
A N
TH