Loads

Occupancy Category
Definitions
Access Floor System
• an assembly consisting of panels mounted on
pedestals to provide an under-floor space for the
installations of mechanical, electrical,
communications or similar systems or to serve as
an air-supply or return-air plenum.
Dead Loads
consist of the weight of all materials
and fixed equipment incorporated
into the building or other structure.
Dead Loads

Table 204-1 Minimum

Densities for Design Loads
from Materials (kN/m3)
Sample Test
Live Loads
those loads produced by the use and
occupancy of the building or other
structure and do not include dead load,
construction load, or environmental
loads such as wind load, earthquake load
and fluid load.
Live Load
Other Minimum Loads
206.3 Impact Loads
The live loads specified in Sections 205.3
shall be assumed to include allowance
for ordinary impact conditions.
Provisions shall be made in the structural
design for uses and loads that involve
unusual vibration and impact forces. Sec
Section 206.9.3 for impact loads for
cranes, and Section 206. 10 for heliport
and helistop landing areas.
206.9 Crane Loads
The crane load shall be the rated capacity of
the crane. Design loads for the runway beams,
including connections and support brackets, of
moving bridge cranes and monorail cranes
shall include the maximum wheel loads of the
crane and the vertical impact, lateral, and
longitudinal forces induced by the moving
crane.
206.10 Heliport and Helistop
Landing Areas
In addition to other design requirements of this chapter,
heliport and helistop landing or touchdown areas shall
be designed for the following loads, combined in
accordance with Section 203.3 or 203.4:
1. Dead load plus actual weight of the helicopter.
2. Dead load plus a single concentrated impact load, L,
covering 0.1 m2 of 0.75 times the fully loaded
weight of the helicopter if it is equipped with
hydraulic-type shock absorbers, or 1.5 times the
fully loaded weight of the helicopter if it is equipped
with a rigid or skid-type landing gear.
Wind Loads
207.1.4.1 Main Wind-Force
Resisting System
The wind load to be used in the design of the
MWFRS for an enclosed or partially enclosed
building or other structure shall not be Jess
than 0.5 kPa multiplied by the area of the
building or structure projected onto a vertical
plane normal to the assumed wind direction.
The design wind force for open buildings and
other structures shall be not less than 0.5 kPa
multiplied by the area Af as defined in Section
207 .3.
207.1.4.2 Components and
Cladding
The design wind pressure for
components and cladding of buildings
shall not be less than a net pressure of
0.5 kPa acting in either direction normal
to the surface.
BASIC WIND SPEED, V
• Three-second gust speed at 10 m above the ground
in Exposure C
Types of Building
• BUILDING, ENCLOSED is a building that docs not
comply with the requirements for open or partially
enclosed buildings.

• BUILDING, OPEN. A building having each wall at

least 80 percent open. This condition is expressed
for each wall by the equation Ao ≥ 0.8 Ag
Types of Building
• BUILDING, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED is a building that
complies with both of the following conditions:
1. the total area of openings in a wall that receives
positive external pressure exceeds the sum of the
areas of openings in the balance of the building
envelope (walls and roof) by more than I 0%; and
2. the total area of openings in a wall that receives
positive external pressure exceeds 0.5 m2 or 1
percent of the area of that wall, whichever is smaller,
and the percentage of openings in the balance of the
building envelope does not exceed 20 percent.
Design Method

• 207.4 Method 1-Simplified

Procedure
• 207.5 Method 2- Analytical
Procedure
• 207.6 Method 3- Wind Tunnel
Procedure
Walls
BEARING WALL
any wall meeting either of the following
classifications:
• Any metal or wood stud wall that supports
more than 1.45 kN/m of vertical load in
addition to its own weight.
• Any masonry or concrete wall that supports
more than 2.90 kN/m of vertical load in
addition to its own weight.
EXTERIOR WALL
any wall or element of a wall, or any
member or group of members, that
defines the exterior boundaries or
courts of a building and that has a
slope of 60 degrees or greater with
the horizontal plane.
PARAPET WALL

Part of any wall entirely above the

roof line.
RETAINING WALL

a wall designed to resist the

lateral displacement of soil or
other materials.
Seismic Load
Structures Response
Base Shear
• Total design lateral force or shear at the base
Seismic Design Category
• Seismic Design Category A
• Seismic Design Category B
• Seismic Design Category C
• Seismic Design Category D
• Seismic Design Category E
• Seismic Design Category F
Seismic Performance Factor
• Response Modification Coefficient, R
• Overstrength Factor
• Deflection Amplification Factor
• Torsional Amplification Factor
Levels of Expected Inelastic
Response Capability
• Ordinary
• Intermediate
• Special
P-Delta Effect
P-Delta
• The secondary effect on shears and moments of
structural members due to the action of the vertical
loads induced by horizontal displacement of the
structure resulting from various loading conditions.
Story Drift
• The horizontal deflection at the top of the story
relative to the bottom of the story
Coupling Beam
• A beam that is used to connect adjacent concrete
wall elements to make them act together as a unit
to resist lateral loads.
Diaphragm
• Roof, floor, or other membrane or bracing system
acting to transfer the lateral forces to the vertical
resisting elements.
Drag Strut
• A diaphragm or shear wall boundary element
parallel to the applied load that collects and
transfers diaphragm shear forces to the vertical
force-resisting elements or distributes forces within
the diaphragm or shear wall.
Seismic Force Resisting
System
Shear Panels
Shear Wall Location
Bearing Wall
Braced Frame
• An essentially vertical truss, or its equivalent, of the
concentric or eccentric type that is provided in a
building frame system or dual system to resist
seismic forces.
Concentrically Braced Frame
Eccentrically Braced Frame
Moment Frame
Structural System
• Building Frame
• Resistance by means of Shear Wall and Braced Frame
• Dual System
• Resistance by means of moment resisting Frames
• Shear Wall Frame Interactive Sytem
• Combination of Ordinary RCD Shear Wall and Ordinary
RCD moment frames
• Space Frame System
• Composed of interconneted member
Cantilevered Column System
• A seismic force resisting system in which lateral
forces are resisted entirely by columns acting as
cantilevers from the base.
Building Joints
Expansion Joint
• Joints that accomodate expansion due to change in
temperature
Seismic Joints
Building Separation
Combination Loads
Allowable Stress Design
a method of proportioning and
designing structural members such
that elastically computed stresses
produced in the members by
nominal loads do not exceed
specified allowable stresses.
(also called working stress design)
STRENGTH DESIGN
method of proportioning and designing
structural members such that the
computed forces produced in the
members by the factored load do not
exceed the member design strength. The
term strength design is used in the
design of concrete structures.
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR
DESIGN (LRFD) METHOD
a method of proportioning and
designing structural elements
using load and resistance factors
such that no applicable limit state
is reached when the structure is
subjected to all appropriate load
combinations.
Types of Loads
Notations
• D = dead load
• E = earthquake load set forth in Section 208.5.1
• Em = estimated maximum earthquake force that
can be developed in the structure as set forth in
Section 208.5.1.1
• F = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures
and maximum heights
• H = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in
soil
Notations
• L = live load, except roof live load, including any
• permitted live load reduction
• L, = roof live load, including any permitted live load
• reduction
• P = ponding load
• R = rain load on the undeflected roof
Notations
• T = self-straining force and effects arising from
contraction or expansion resulting from
temperature change, shrinkage. moisture change,
creep in component materials, movement due to
differential settlement, or combinations thereof.
• W = load due to wind pressure
203.3 Load Combinations using
Strength Design
• 1.4{D+F) (203- 1)
• 1.2(D + F + T)+ 1.6(L + H)+0.5(Lr or R) (203-2)
• 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H (203-6)
• 0.9D + 1.0 E + 1.6H (203-7)
203.3 Load Combinations using
Strength Design
• 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R)+ (f1 L or 0.8W) (203-3)
• 1.2D + 1.6W + f1 L + 0.5(Lr or R) (203-4)
• 1.2D + 1.0E + f1 L (203-5)

• f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for

live loads in excess of 4.8 kPa and for garage live
load
= 0.5 for other live loads
203.4 Load Combinations Using
Allowable Stress Design
•D
  + F (203-8)

• D + H + F + L + T(203-9)

• D+ H + F + (Lr or R) (203- 10)

• D+ H + F + 0.75[L+ T + (Lr or R)] (203-11)

• (203- 12)