LATERAL LOADS ON

STRUCTURES
CERCDN430

Engr. Glaiza G. Barbecho

Engineering Instructor
I. WIND LOADS

Wind Load Contours on Tall Buildings (Wind Load Simulation)

WIND LOAD DIAGRAM

Wind Loads on Building Components and Cladding

Wind Loads on ETABS
LATERAL LOADS ON STRUCTURES
I. WIND LOAD
When structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic
energy is converted into potential energy of pressure, which
causes a wind loading.

The effect of wind on a structure depends upon the density

and velocity of the air, the angle of incidence of the wind, the
shape and stiffness of the structure, and the roughness of its
surface.
Definition of Terms (refer to NSCP for other terms not stated here)

• Main Wind-Force Resisting System (MWFRS) – An assemblage of structural elements

assigned to provide support and stability for the overall structure. The system generally
receives wind loading from more than one loading.

• Components and Cladding (C&C) – Elements of the structure that do not qualify as part of
the MWFRS

• Building, Low-Rise – a structure whose mean roof height is less than or equal to18m or it
does not exceed least horizontal dimension or simply B ≥ h ≤ 18

• Eave Height – Distance from ground to the roof eave line.

• Mean Roof Height, h – Average distance of the roof eave height and the highest point the
roof surface.
PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN
• For Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS):(NSCP 2015)
 Directional Procedure for Buildings of All Heights (Section 207B)

 Enveloped Procedure for Low-Rise Buildings (Section 207C)

 Directional Procedures for Buildings Appurtenances and Other Structures

(Section 207D)

 Wind Tunnel Procedures for All Buildings and Other Structures (Section 207F)

• For Component and Cladding:(NSCP 2015)

 Analytical Procedure for buildings and Building Appurtenances (Section 207 E)

 Wind Tunnel Procedure for All Buildings and Other Structures (Section 207 F)
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed,
Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings of All Heights
Step 1. Determine the risk category of building of other structure Table 103 - 1

Step 2. Determine the Basic Wind Speed (V), for the applicable risk category Figures
207A.5-1A, B or C

Step 3. Determine wind load parameters:

 Wind Directionality Factor (𝑲𝒅 ) Sec 207A.6 and Table 207.6-1

 Exposure Category (A, B or C) Section 207A.7

 Topographic Factor (𝑲𝒛𝒕 ) Section 207A.8 and Table 207A.8-1

 Gust Effect Factor (G) Section 207A.9

 Enclosure Classification (Open, Partially Enclosed or Enclosed) Section 207A.10

 Internal Pressure Coefficient, (GCpi) Section 207A.11 and Table 207A.11-1

Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed,
Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings of All Heights
Step 4. Determine the Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient (𝑲𝒛 , 𝑲𝒉 ) Table
207B.3.1

Step 5. Determine the Velocity Pressure, (𝒒𝒛 𝒐𝒓 𝒒𝒉 ) Section 207B.3.2

Step 6. Determine the External Pressure Coefficient, (Cp or CN)Figure 207B.4-1

through Figure 207B.4-7

Step 7. Calculate Design Wind Pressure or Load, p, on each building surface

Equation 207B.4-1 for rigid buildings

Equation 207B.4-2 for flexible buildings

Equation 207B.4-3 for open buildings

Step 1. Occupancy Category
 Step 2. BASIC WIND SPEED, V

Occupancy Category III, IV, V Occupancy Category II Occupancy Category I

Step 3.1. WIND DIRECTIONALITY FACTOR, 𝐾𝑑
Step 3.2. EXPOSURE CATEGORIES
Step 3.2. EXPOSURE CATEGORIES
Step 3.3. TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR, 𝐾𝑧𝑡
Step 3.3. TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR, 𝐾𝑧𝑡
Step 3.4. Gust Effect Factor, 𝐺𝑡
Step 3.4. Gust Effect Factor, 𝐺𝑡
Step 3.5. Enclosure Classification
Step 3.5. Enclosure Classification
For MWFRS:
Step 3.5. Enclosure Classification
For Buildings other than MWFRS:
Step 3.6. Internal Pressure Coefficient, 𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖
Step 4. VELOCITY PRESSURE EXPOSURE COEFFICIENT, 𝐾𝑧 , 𝐾ℎ
Step 5. VELOCITY PRESSURE, 𝑞𝑧 , 𝑞ℎ
Step 6. External Pressure Coefficient, 𝐶𝑝 or 𝐶𝑁

• See Figure 207B.4-1 for walls and flat, gable, hip, monoslope or mansard roofs

• See Figure 207B.4-2 for domed roofs

• See Figure 207B.4-3 for arched roofs

• See Figure 207B.4-4 for monoslope roof, open building

• See Figure 207B.4-5 for pitched roof, open building

• See Figure 207B.4-6 for troughed roof, open building

• See Figure 207B.4-7 for along-ridge/valley wind load case for monoslope,
pitched or troughed roof, open building
Step 7. Calculate wind pressure, p, on each building surface
Step 7. Calculate wind pressure, p, on each building surface
Example
• A one storey structure of standard occupancy,
exposure B, rigid main wind force resisting system, is
located on a site in Zone 2, Negros Occidental.
Calculate the uniform load of DL, LL, and WL to be
applied on the roof truss.

Roof covers and steel frame = 50.3 Pa

LATERAL LOADS ON STRUCTURES

II. EARTHQUAKE LOADS

EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS
ON STRUCTURES

1990 Luzon Earthquake

A damaged condominium in the 2019 Davao Earthquake

Earthquake Load Calculation
1. Importance Factor (I) Section 208.4.2 (Table 208-1)

2. Soil Profile Type (S) Section 208.4.3 (Table 208-2)

3. Seismic Zone Factor (Z) Section 208.4.4.1 (Table 208-3)

4. Seismic Source Type (A, B or C) Section 208.4.4.2 (Table 208-4)

5. Near Source Factor (𝑁𝑎 ) Section 208.4.4.3 (Table 208-5)

6. Near Source Factor (𝑁𝑣 ) Section 208.4.4.3 (Table 208-6)

7. Seismic Coefficient (𝐶𝑎 ) Section 208.4.4.4 (Table 208-7)

8. Seismic Coefficient (𝐶𝑣 ) Section 208.4.4.4 (Table 208-8)

9. Seismic Response Modification Factor (R) Table 208-11A to 208-11D

10. Design Base Shear Computation (V) Section 208.5.2

11. Vertical Force Distribution of Base Shear (Fx) Section 208.5.2.3

Importance Factor, I
Soil Profile Type, S
Seismic Zone Factor, Z
Seismic Source Type (A, B or C)
Near Source Factor 𝑁𝑎 , 𝑁𝑣
Seismic Coefficient
𝐶𝑎 , 𝐶𝑣
Seismic Response Modification Factor, R
Seismic Response
Modification
Factor, R
Design Base Shear Computation, V
Minimum Actual Maximum

or

For Zone 4 only

Structure Period, T
Seismic Load, W

• The Seismic Load, W is the total dead load and applicable

portions of other loads listed below:
1. In storage and warehouse occupancies, a minimum of 25
percent of the floor live load shall be applicable

2. Where a partition load is used in the floor design, a load of not

less than 0.5kN/m2 shall be included.

3. Total Weight of the permanent equipment shall be included.

Vertical Force Distribution of Base Shear, Fx
Force Distribution Formula

Whiplash Force

Where:
𝐹𝑡 ≤ 0.25𝑉
and
𝐹𝑡 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑇 ≤ 0.7𝑠
Example
• A five storey building, Category III occupancy, composite
partially moment resisting frame with total seismic load per
level given below, is located on a site in Zone 4 with a stiff
soil profile type. The site is situated 5 km away from potential
seismic source type A. Calculate the seismic base shear and
the design seismic forces to every floor level.