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TALL BUILDINGS INTRODUCTION Buildings are defined as structures utilized by the people as a shelter for living, working
or storage. The rapid increase in population and urbanization and commercial activities resulted in the continuous
movement of rural people to metro cities. So, it is clear that the horizontal space constraint is reaching an alarming
situation for metros. To manage the situation, maximum utilization of space vertically calls for the construction of multi-
storeyed buildings in large numbers. Today, tall buildings are a worldwide architectural phenomenon. Many tall buildings
are built worldwide, especially in Asian countries like China, Korea, Japan, and Malaysia. From a structural engineer's
point of view, a high rise building or multi-storeyed building is one that, by virtue of its height, is affected by lateral
forces to the extent that they play an essential role in the structural design. In general, tall multi-storey buildings need
to be designed for wind as well as earthquake loads. Governing criteria for carrying out dynamic analyses for earthquake
load is different from wind load. According to the provisions of the Bureau of Indian Standards for earthquake load, IS
1893(Part 1):2002, the height of the structure, seismic zone, vertical and horizontal irregularities, soft and weak storey
necessitates dynamic analysis for earthquake load. The contribution of the higher mode effects is included in arriving at
the distribution of lateral forces along with the height of the building. When wind hits a building, both positive and
negative pressures develop simultaneously; the building should have sufficient strength to resist the applied loads from
these pressures to prevent the building from failure. The load exerted on the building envelope is transferred to the
structural system, where it must be transferred through the foundation into the ground. The magnitude of the pressure
is The function of the following primary factors: exposed basic wind speed, topography, building height, internal
pressure, and building shape. TALL BUILDING A building is defined as a tall building when it is considerably higher than
the surrounding buildings, or its proportion is slender enough to give the appearance of a tall building, or a building can
also be called a tall building if there is an application of lateral loads on it. SUB CATEGORIZATION According to Council on
tall buildings and urban habitat, US(CTBUH), tall buildings are categorized according to the heights of the building. A
building is said to be tall if its range of height is between 30m-500m. A building is said to be called a skyscraper, super
tall, mega tall if the height of the building is more than 100m, 300m, 600m, respectively. 259080017376400
Categorization of High-rise Buildings CHARACTERISTICS OF TALL BUILDINGS: SINGLE-FUNCTION vs MIXED-USE
FUNCTION: 2286000172141 Fig 1. SINGLE-FUNCTION vs MULTI-USE FUNCTION A Building is said to be single-function
when 85% of the height of the building is occupied by single-use only, in the above fig 1. TAIPEI 101 is a single
functioned tall building that is only used for office purpose. A building is said to be a multi-use function of multiple
functions, each occupying more than 15% of the height of the building, in the above fig 1. GUANGZHOU CTF FINANCE
CENTRE is a mixed-use function building that is used for office, residential, hotel purposes. BUILDING vs TOWER: A
building is a tall structure where more than 50% of the height of the building's floor area can be used. In fig 2. JIN MAO
TOWER, SHANGHAI uses more than 50% of the height for the usable floor area. 2209800232197 Fig 2. Building vs Tower
A tower is a tall structure, taller than it is wide, which are not built to the habitable but to serve other functions like
surveying defensive positions and obtaining a better view of the surrounding areas or used as telecommunication
towers. CO-JOINED BUILDING: 2857500188902 Fig 3. Co-Joined Building A building is said to be co-joined if more than
50% height of two buildings is connected to each other. NEED FOR TALL BUILDINGS 914400160945 Fig .4 Population rise
in Urban areas Due to the increase of population worldwide, the people from the different areas are coming to the
developed urban areas to find opportunities to better their living. Due to this, there is a rise in the urban area
population, which creates a scarcity of land for creating shelters. In order to counter this, the people started to build in
the vertical direction, which brought tall buildings into existence. The Tall buildings are built out of necessity as one of a
wide range of tools to achieve high-density development. They provide the opportunity to control urban sprawl with their
relatively small footprint. The reasons for adopting high-rise buildings could be the solution for density problems and
lack of available land for development. Tall buildings are more about power, prestige status, where they play an
essential role in meeting occupier demand for large prestigious headquarters, aesthetics than efficient development.
ETABS INTRODUCTION TO ETABS ETABS is an engineering software product that caters to multi-storeyed building
analysis and design. Modelling tools and templates, code-based load prescriptions, analysis methods and solution
techniques all coordinate with the grid-like geometry unique to this class of structure. The abbreviated form of ETABS is
EXTENDED THREE DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF BUILDING SYSTEM, which is used for structural analysis of building or any
structure. ETABS software was made by COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES.INC. MAJOR FEATURES OF ETABS: Make a model
of a structure 2)Assign loads 3)Run structural analysis 4)View analysis result 5)Perform structural design Check required
reinforcements Run design check and generate reinforcement detailing diagrams Fig 7. ETABS Software PROCESS OF
STRUCTURAL DESIGN 1459082113833 Fig 8. Process of structural design PLANNING IN ETABS: Define the geometry of
the structure where you will set the geometry of the grid Define the material of the members used in the building
followed by section dimensions of each member like columns and beams. After defining the material, draw the members
on the building using defined properties. Then apply loads. LOAD PATHS LOAD TRANSFER IN BUILDINGS 2421654115343
Loads are efficiently transferred through frames. Load Bearing Elements: 1)Beams – resist loads perpendicular to their
axis. 2)Columns – Transmits the loads through axial compression. 3)Slab – Carry the floral load and transfer it to the
beams. 4)Footing – Transfers the load from the superstructure to the soil. Non-Load Bearing Elements: Walls and
claddings are non-load-bearing elements. The only purpose is to cover the building and don't participate in load transfer.
The loads are generally transferred in two load paths, i.e. Gravity load path and the Lateral load path. GRAVITY LOAD
PATH: 914400157532 In the gravity load path, the vertical loads acting on the slabs, which is transferred to the beams
and then to columns and then to foundations, and from the foundation, it is transferred to the earth or soil. The gravity
loads mainly include the Human loads(Live load), Dead load, Snow Load LATERAL LOAD PATH: 990600114799 In the
lateral load path the loads due to wind and earthquakes acts on floors or the roofs, which is transmitted to the wall and
the frames and then it is transmitted to the foundation. From the foundation, it is transferred to the earth or the soil. The
lateral loads mainly include the wind load and the seismic load. 9144001133564345940345131 Fig 9. Gravity load
pathFig 10. Lateral load path DIFFERENT LOADS ON TALL BUILDINGS LOAD ON TALL BUILDINGS 2717188175525 The
loads on the buildings mainly act in two directions horizontally and vertical. In the vertical direction gravity loads are
applied on the building and in the horizontal direction lateral loads are applied. GRAVITY LOADS: Dead load Live
LoadSTATIC LOADS Snow Load LATERAL LOADS: Wind LoadsDYNAMIC Seismic LoadsLOADS SPECIAL LOADS: Moving
Loads, Blast Loads, Machine handling STATIC LOADS: Static load refers to load that doesn't change over time. In
engineering, static loads require less factor of safety when compared to dynamic loads. Static loads mainly are the
gravity loads which comprises of dead load, live load, seismic loads. DEAD LOAD: Dead loads refer to loads that
relatively don't change over time, such as flooring material self-weight of the beams, columns, furniture etc. LIVE LOAD:
Live loads are the moving loads which change over the period of time. Humans are the example of the loads. SNOW
LOAD: The load that is acting on the building due to the snow is known as the snow load.
110261717599230998375616914826000498826 Fig11. Dead loadFig12. Live loadFig13. Wind load DYNAMIC LOADS:
Dynamic loads are the loads which changes in magnitude, direction and position with respect to time is called dynamic
loads. The dynamic loads mainly comprise of the wind load and seismic loads. WIND LOADS WIND Air moving relative to
the earth is wind. It is mainly composed of eddies. These eddies give gusty and turbulent characteristics to the building.
The load acting on the building due to this wind is wind load EFFECTS OF WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGS The effect of the
wind loads on the tall buildings are DRAG and VORTEX SHEDDING DRAG: A drag force is the resistance force caused by
the motion of a body through fluid, such as water or air. A drag force acts opposite to the direction of the oncoming flow
velocity. This is the relative velocity between the body and the fluid. Drag force(D)= (Cd * Density * a * V * V) / 2 Where,
Cd= Drag coefficient Drag coefficient depends on Body shape Fluid velocity Fig 14. Drag coefficients
2819400-635000VORTEX SHEDDING: It refers to unsteady oscillating flow alternate low and high pressure are created
vortex shedding causes swaying of building which leads to the failure due to excessive deformation 952961117957 Fig
15. Vortex Shedding APPLICATION OF WIND LOAD IN ETABS 1885950-10160 Fig 15. Wind load pattern dialogue box in
ETABS From the above fig we understand that we need wind coefficients so that the wind load is applied to a particular
building in ETABS. The wind coefficients that we require are the deign wind speed, terrain category, structure class, risk
coefficient(k1), Topography(k3). DESIGN WIND SPEED: The design wind speed is calculated according to the given
formula: Vz = Vb * k1 * k2 * k3 Where, Vz = design wind speed Vb = Basic wind speed K1= probability factor (risk
coefficient) K2 = terrain, height and Structure size factor K3 = Topographic factor This design wind speed is different for
different regions and this design wind speed values are mentioned in the IS Code [IS 875:1987 (part 3)] Appendix A.
TERRAIN CATEGORY: Based on the heights of the nearby buildings the terrains are categorized as: Terrain category I
Terrain category II Terrain category III Terrain category IV These can be checked in the IS 875:1987 (Part 3) Cl.5.3.2.1
STURCTURE CLASS: The parameter considered here is Maximum vertical or horizontal dimension Class A – less than 20m
Class B – 20m to 50m Class C - >50m These can be checked in IS 875:1987 (part 3) Cl.5.2.2.2 TOPOGRAPHIC
FACTOR(k3): The k3 depends upon the upwind at particular place The value can be checked in IS 875:1987(Part 3)
Cl.5.3.3.1 RISK FACTOR (k1): This value can be checked IS 875:1987(part 3) Table1. Now we can apply the wind loads on
a particular building using ETABS. SEISMIC LOADS The loads that are acting on the building due to the earthquake forces
is known as seismic loads. These loads acts laterally on the building. Seismic load is one of the basic concepts of
earthquake engineering which means application of an earthquake-generated agitation to a building structure or its
model. SEISMIC RESISTANT BUILDING Buildings designed to resist the earthquake waves. They are needed: to control
and reduce the extent of damage to increase the durability of the building EARTHQUAKE Shaking of the ground due to
sudden release of energy inside the earth's crust. 95% of earthquakes are plate tectonics. 5% - volcanic eruptions, rock
fall, landslides, explosions. 914400146117 Fig 16. Earthquake due to the movement of the plate tectonics STRENGTH
TECHNIQUES MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES: Combination of beams and columns i.e. beams rigidly connected to columns.
This is used widely in medium rised buildings. BRACED FRAMES: Structural system consists of daignol steel sections.
Primarily designed to resist wind and eatrhquake forces. Eccentric type bracing is commonly used in seismic regions.
SHEAR WALLS: Vertical walls of horizontal forces. Generally used in high rise buildings where seismic and wind forces are
high. DAMPERS: Mechanical device used to dissipate Kinetic Energy of the seismic waves penetrating into the building.
Most suitable for skyscrapers and tall builidngs. SEISMIC ANALYSIS: Seismic analysis is a subset of structural analysis and
is the calculation of the response of a building structure to earthquakes. It is part of the process of structural design,
earthquake engineering. The seismic analysis is classified as: 1838961114469 Fig 17. Classification of Seismic analysis
LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS: It is also called equivalent static method. it is not suitable for high rise buildings, it is generally
used for regular buildings. In this method first: the design base shear for the entire building is calculated (which is
mentioned in IS 1983:2002 Cl. 7.5.3). then the design base shear is distributed along the height of the building. Fig 18.
Linear static analysis NON-LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS: It is also called as pushover analysis This method is used to
determine the strength and drift capacity of buildings It is carried out under permanent vertical loads and gradually
increasing lateral loads to determine deformation. 148590099245 Fig 19. Nonlinear static analysis LINEAR DYNAMIC
ANALYSIS: It is also called as Response spectrum method Need of it: To determine the peak seismic response of the
building. 2)Find accurate results for structural design applications. Its method of determining the max response of
building subjected to a specified earthquake motion. NON-LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS: In time history analysis, the
structural response of a building such as displacement, acceleration or base shear is obtained w.r.t ground motion.
Provides non-linear evaluation of dynamic structural response of a building subjected to a load which vary according to
time period. Need of Time History Analysis: 1)Better understanding of structural response for given time history data of
an earthquake 2)When the ground motion records are non-linear. APPLICATION OF SEISMIC LOADS IN ETABS
914400145239 Fig 20. Application of seismic loads in ETABS From the above fig we can understand that we need
seismic coefficients to apply seismic loads on a particular building. These coefficient values are obtained from IS
1893:2002. The coefficients that are required to apply the seismic loads are seismic zone factor(Z), site type,
Importance factor(I). SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR(Z): The values for the seismic zone factor can be obtained in the IS
1893:2002 in a diagram in pg. no. 5 SITE TYPE: There three types of sites: TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3 These values can be
obtained from the IS 1893:2002 Fig.2 IMPORTANCE FACTOR(I): The importance factor value is obtained in the IS
1893:2002 Cl.6.4.2 Now we can apply the seismic loads on the buildings with these three seismic coefficients.
APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SPECTRUM IN ETABS: For the application of response spectrum method in ETABS we follow
as shown in the fig below Fig 21. Application of response spectrum method in ETABS The scale factor can be calculated
from the given formula: 2683562204498 APPLICATION OF TIME HISTORY METHOD IN ETABS: For the application of time
history method in ETABS we follow as shown in the fig. Fig 22. Application of Time history method in ETABS The scale
factor can be calculated as shown in the previous formula. DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING MODEL In the present study,
a G+23 storeyed building model is taken for analysis and design. The building is assumed to be in Bangalore. The
grades of reinforcing steel and concrete used in the building are assumed to be of Fe500 and mild rebar 250 and M40
respectively. The plan of the building model indicating the Beam and Column schedule is shown in Figure 23. Table 1.
General features of the model structure Length 18m Width 18m Height 69m Height of typical floors 3m Slab Thickness
150mm Beam Schedule B1: 500x300 mm B2: 550x350mm B3: 600x400mm Column Schedule C1: 500x500mm C2:
550x550mm C3: 600x600mm Fig 23. Plan of the model MODELLING OF LOADS The basic loads considered in this study
are dead load, live loads, earthquake loads and wind loads. Dead loads (DL) values are calculated from the unit weights
as specified in IS 875 (Part 1): 1987. The live load (LL) intensities for the various residential buildings are obtained from
IS 875 (Part 2): 1987. The dead load and live loads are mentioned in the above figure. ANALYSIS OF BUILDING FOR WIND
LOAD The wind loads are considered according to the code IS 875(Part 3):1987. The wind loads on the building is applied
with the help of the wind coefficients. The wind coefficients that we require are the deign wind speed, terrain category,
structure class, risk coefficient(k1), Topography(k3). The design speed is 33 m/sec as the region we have considered is
Bangalore and from the IS 875(Part 3):1987 Cl.5.3.2.1 we can see that the speed is 33 m/sec. The next coefficient is
terrain category which is category-III, this terrain category is decided depending upon the surroundings. The next
coefficient is structure class, which is class C, as the building height is greater than 50 m. The risk coefficient k1=1 from
Cl.5.3.1 in the IS code. The value of k3 is 1 as per the IS code Cl.5.3.3.1. 2133600234130 Fig 23. Wind load acting on the
building ANALYSIS OF BUILDING FOR SEISMIC LOAD As per IS 1893(Part 1): 2002, dynamic analysis with time history or
response spectrum method needs to be performed to obtain the seismic design force, and its distribution to different
levels along the height of the building and to the various lateral resisting elements. The building taken for study has 69m
in height, and it is situated in seismic zone II. The importance factor(I) is 1 as per the IS code Cl.6.4.2 table 6. The site
type is assumed as medium soil so the site type is TYPE II. As Per Clause no 7.8.2 of IS 1893(Part 1): 2002, the dynamic
analysis may be performed either by time history method or by the response spectrum method. Here, the response
spectrum method is used for carrying out dynamic analysis. Fig 23. Analysis diagram 1371600235635 Fig 24. Bending
moment diagram Fig 25. Shear force Diagram 1371600160439 Fig 26. Longitudinal Reinforcement Fig 27. Column forces
DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING MODEL In the present study, a G+23 storeyed building model is taken for analysis and
design. The building is assumed to be in Hyderabad. The general features of the building model and beam sections used
in the building are given in Table 2. The grades of reinforcing steel and concrete used in the building are assumed to be
of Fe415 and mild rebar 250 and M30 and M35 for concrete respectively. The plan of the building model indicating the
Beam and Column schedule is shown in Figure 1. Ground floor, first floor, second floor are for parking. Table 2. General
features of the model structure Length 26.19m Width 21.45m Height 72m Height of typical floors 3m Slab Thickness
150mm Beam Schedule B1: 500x300 mm B2: 550x350mm B3: 600x400mm (M30, M35) Column Schedule C1:
600x600mm C2: 700x700mm (M30, M35) Fig 28. Typical floor plan Fig 29. Plan & 3d view of building in ETABS
MODELLING OF LOADS The basic loads considered in this study are dead load, live loads, earthquake loads and wind
loads. Dead loads (DL) values are calculated from the unit weights as specified in IS 875 (Part 1): 1987. The live load (LL)
intensities for the various areas of residential buildings are obtained from IS 875 (Part 2): 1987. The dead load and live
loads are mentioned in above figure. ANALYSIS OF BUILDING FOR SEISMIC LOAD As per IS 1893(Part 1): 2002, dynamic
analysis with time history or response spectrum method needs to be performed to obtain the seismic design force and
its distribution to different levels along the height of the building and the various lateral resisting elements. The building
taken for study has 72m in height, and it is situated in seismic zone III. The importance factor(I) is 1 as per the IS code
Cl.6.4.2 table 6. The site type assumed as medium soil so the site type is TYPE II. As Per IS 1893(Part 1): 2002, dynamic
analysis may be performed either by time history or response spectrum methods. Here, response spectrum method is
used for carrying out dynamic analysis. LOAD CALCULATIONS Unit weight of Brick Masonry= 20 kN/m sq. Unit weight of
RCC = 25 kN/m sq. Self-weight of slab = Thickness of slab(m) X unit weight of RCC = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m sq. Floor
finishing =1 kN/m sq. Unknown force = 1 kN/m sq. Total Load = 5.75 kN/m sq. Wall load: External wall load = Thickness
of wall (Height of wall-Depth of beams) Unit wt. of Brick Masonry = 11.4 kN/m Internal wall load = 5.7kN/m LOAD
APLLICATION ON BUILDING 914400145962 Fig 30. DEAD LOAD 1358900143738 Fig 31. LIVE LOAD Fig 31. Seismic load
91440063754000ELEMENT FORCES 9144001336119144004668622 Fig 32. Element forces Columns 914400102870 Fig
32. Element forces Beams And as follows…………. DIAGRAMS OF S.F.D, B.M.D AND DEFLECTION OF BEAMS AND
COLUMNS914400109918 Fig 33. SFD, BMD for Columns

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TALL BUILDINGS INTRODUCTION Buildings are defined as structures utilized by the people as a shelter for living, working
or storage.
The rapid increase in population and urbanization and commercial activities resulted in the continuous movement of
rural people to metro cities.
So, it is clear that the horizontal space constraint is reaching an alarming situation for metros.
To manage the situation, maximum utilization of space vertically calls for the construction of multi-storeyed buildings in
large numbers.
Today, tall buildings are a worldwide architectural phenomenon.
Many tall buildings are built worldwide, especially in Asian countries like China, Korea, Japan, and Malaysia.
From a structural engineers point of view, a high rise building or multi-storeyed building is one that, by virtue
of its height, is affected by lateral forces to the extent that they play an essential role in the structural
design.
In general, tall multi-storey buildings need to be designed for wind as well as earthquake loads.
Governing criteria for carrying out dynamic analyses for earthquake load is different from wind load.
According to the provisions of the Bureau of Indian Standards for earthquake load, IS 1893(Part 1):2002, the
height of the structure, seismic zone, vertical and horizontal irregularities, soft and weak storey necessitates dynamic
analysis for
earthquake load.
The contribution of the higher mode effects is included in arriving at the distribution of lateral forces along with the
height of the building.
When wind hits a building, both positive and negative pressures develop simultaneously; the building should
have sufficient strength to resist the applied loads from these pressures to prevent the building from
failure.
The load exerted on the building envelope is transferred to the structural system, where it must be transferred through
the foundation into the ground.
The magnitude of the pressure is The function of the following primary factors: exposed basic wind speed, topography,
building height, internal pressure, and building
shape.
TALL BUILDING A building is defined as a tall building when it is considerably higher than the
surrounding buildings, or its proportion is slender enough to give the appearance of a tall building, or a
building can also be called a tall building if there is an application of lateral loads on it.
SUB CATEGORIZATION According to Council on tall buildings and urban habitat, US(CTBUH), tall buildings are
categorized according to the heights of the building.
A building is said to be tall if its range of height is between 30m-500m.
A building is said to be called a skyscraper, super tall, mega tall if the height of the building is more than 100m, 300m,
600m, respectively.
259080017376400 Categorization of High-rise Buildings CHARACTERISTICS OF TALL BUILDINGS: SINGLE-FUNCTION vs
MIXED-USE FUNCTION: 2286000172141 Fig 1.
SINGLE-FUNCTION vs MULTI-USE FUNCTION A Building is said to be single-function when 85% of the height of the
building is occupied by single-use only, in the above fig 1.
TAIPEI 101 is a single functioned tall building that is only used for office purpose.
A building is said to be a multi-use function of multiple functions, each occupying more than 15% of the height of the
building, in the above fig 1.
GUANGZHOU CTF FINANCE CENTRE is a mixed-use function building that is used for office, residential, hotel purposes.
BUILDING vs TOWER: A building is a tall structure where more than 50% of the height of the buildings floor area can be
used. In fig 2.
JIN MAO TOWER, SHANGHAI uses more than 50% of the height for the usable floor area.
2209800232197 Fig 2.
Building vs Tower A tower is a tall structure, taller than it is wide, which are not built to the habitable
but to serve other functions like surveying defensive positions and obtaining a better view of the surrounding areas or
used as telecommunication
towers.
CO-JOINED BUILDING: 2857500188902 Fig 3.
Co-Joined Building A building is said to be co-joined if more than 50% height of two buildings is connected to each other.
NEED FOR TALL BUILDINGS 914400160945 Fig .
4 Population rise in Urban areas Due to the increase of population worldwide, the people from
the different areas are coming to the developed urban areas to find opportunities to better their
living.
Due to this, there is a rise in the urban area population, which creates a scarcity of land for creating shelters.
In order to counter this, the people started to build in the vertical direction, which brought tall buildings into existence.
The Tall buildings are built out of necessity as one of a wide range of tools to achieve high-density development.
They provide the opportunity to control urban sprawl with their relatively small footprint.
The reasons for adopting high-rise buildings could be the solution for density problems and lack of available land for
development.
Tall buildings are more about power, prestige status, where they play an
essential role in meeting occupier demand for large prestigious headquarters, aesthetics than efficient
development.
ETABS INTRODUCTION TO ETABS ETABS is an engineering software product that caters to multi-storeyed building
analysis and design. Modelling tools and templates, code-based load prescriptions, analysis methods and solution
techniques all coordinate with the grid-like geometry unique to this class of (0)
structure.
The abbreviated form of ETABS is EXTENDED THREE DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF BUILDING SYSTEM, which is used for
structural analysis of building or any structure.
ETABS software was made by COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES. INC.
MAJOR FEATURES OF ETABS: Make a model of a structure 2)Assign loads 3)Run structural analysis 4)View
analysis result 5)Perform structural design Check required reinforcements Run design check and generate reinforcement
detailing diagrams Fig 7. (1)
ETABS Software PROCESS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN 1459082113833 Fig 8.
Process of structural design PLANNING IN ETABS: Define the geometry of the structure where you will set the geometry
of the
grid Define the material of the members used in the building followed by section dimensions of each member like
columns and beams.
After defining the material, draw the members on the building using defined properties. Then apply loads. (2)
LOAD PATHS LOAD TRANSFER IN BUILDINGS 2421654115343 Loads are efficiently transferred through frames.
Load Bearing Elements: 1)Beams – resist loads perpendicular to their axis.
2)Columns – Transmits the loads through axial compression.
3)Slab – Carry the floral load and transfer it to the beams.
4)Footing – Transfers the load from the superstructure to the soil.
Non-Load Bearing Elements: Walls and claddings are non-load-bearing elements. The only purpose is to cover the
building and dont participate in load transfer. (3)
The loads are generally transferred in two load paths, i. e.
Gravity load path and the Lateral load path.
GRAVITY LOAD PATH: 914400157532 In the gravity load path, the vertical loads acting on the slabs, which is transferred
to
the beams and then to columns and then to foundations, and from the foundation, it is transferred to the earth or soil.
(4)
The gravity loads mainly include the Human loads(Live load), Dead load, Snow Load LATERAL LOAD PATH:
990600114799 In the lateral load path the loads due to wind and earthquakes acts on floors or
the roofs, which is transmitted to the wall and the frames and then it is transmitted to
the foundation.
From the foundation, it is transferred to the earth or the soil.
The lateral loads mainly include the wind load and the seismic load.
9144001133564345940345131 Fig 9.
Gravity load pathFig 10.
Lateral load path DIFFERENT LOADS ON TALL BUILDINGS LOAD ON TALL BUILDINGS 2717188175525 The loads on the
buildings mainly act in two directions horizontally
and vertical.
In the vertical direction gravity loads are applied on the building and in the horizontal direction lateral loads are applied.
GRAVITY LOADS: Dead load Live LoadSTATIC LOADS Snow Load LATERAL LOADS: Wind LoadsDYNAMIC Seismic
LoadsLOADS SPECIAL LOADS: (5)
Moving Loads, Blast Loads, Machine handling STATIC LOADS: Static load refers to load that doesn't change over
time.
In engineering, static loads require less factor of safety when compared to dynamic loads.
Static loads mainly are the gravity loads which comprises of dead load, live load, seismic loads.
DEAD LOAD: Dead loads refer to loads that relatively don't change over time, such as flooring material self-
weight of the beams, columns, furniture etc.
LIVE LOAD: Live loads are the moving loads which change over the period of time.
Humans are the example of the loads.
SNOW LOAD: The load that is acting on the building due to the snow is known as the snow load.
110261717599230998375616914826000498826 Fig11. Dead loadFig12. Live loadFig13.
Wind load DYNAMIC LOADS: Dynamic loads are the loads which changes in magnitude, direction and position with
respect to time is called dynamic loads.
The dynamic loads mainly comprise of the wind load and seismic loads.
WIND LOADS WIND Air moving relative to the earth is wind.
It is mainly composed of eddies.
These eddies give gusty and turbulent characteristics to the building.
The load acting on the building due to this wind is wind load EFFECTS OF WIND LOADS ON
BUILDINGS The effect of the wind loads on the tall buildings are DRAG and VORTEX SHEDDING DRAG: A drag
force is the resistance force caused by the motion of a body through fluid, such as water or air. A drag force acts
opposite to the direction of the oncoming flow velocity. (6)
force is the resistance force caused by the motion of a body through fluid, such as water or air. This is the relative
velocity between the body and the fluid. (7)
Drag force(D)= (Cd * Density * a * V * V) / 2 Where, Cd= Drag coefficient Drag coefficient depends on Body shape Fluid
velocity Fig 14.
Drag coefficients 2819400-635000VORTEX SHEDDING: It refers to unsteady oscillating flow alternate low and high
pressure are
created vortex shedding causes swaying of building which leads to the failure due to excessive deformation
952961117957
Fig 15. Vortex Shedding APPLICATION OF WIND LOAD IN ETABS 1885950-10160 Fig 15. (8)
Wind load pattern dialogue box in ETABS From the above fig we understand that we
need wind coefficients so that the wind load is applied to a particular building in ETABS.
The wind coefficients that we require are the deign wind speed, terrain category, structure class, risk coefficient(k1),
Topography(k3).
DESIGN WIND SPEED: The design wind speed is calculated according to the given formula: Vz = Vb * k1 * k2 * k3 Where,
Vz = design wind speed Vb = Basic wind speed K1= probability factor (risk coefficient) K2 = terrain, height and
Structure (9)
size factor K3 = Topographic factor This design wind speed is different for different regions and this design wind speed
values are mentioned
in the IS Code [IS 875:1987 (part 3)] Appendix A.
TERRAIN CATEGORY: Based on the heights of the nearby buildings the terrains are categorized as: Terrain category
I Terrain category II Terrain category III Terrain category IV These can be checked in the IS 875:1987
(Part 3) Cl.5.3.2. 1 STURCTURE CLASS: The parameter considered here is Maximum vertical or horizontal dimension
Class A – less (10)
than 20m Class B – 20m to 50m Class C - >50m These can be checked in
IS 875:1987 (part 3) Cl.5.2.2.
2 TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR(k3): The k3 depends upon the upwind at particular place The value can be checked in IS
875:1987(Part 3) Cl.5.3.3.
1 RISK FACTOR (k1): This value can be checked IS 875:1987(part 3) Table1.
Now we can apply the wind loads on a particular building using ETABS.
SEISMIC LOADS The loads that are acting on the building due to the earthquake forces is known as seismic loads.
These loads acts laterally on the building. Seismic load is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which
means application of an earthquake-generated agitation to a building structure or its model. (11)
SEISMIC RESISTANT BUILDING Buildings designed to resist the earthquake waves.
They are needed: to control and reduce the extent of damage to increase the durability of
the building EARTHQUAKE Shaking of the ground due to sudden release of energy inside the earths crust.
95% of earthquakes are plate tectonics.
5% - volcanic eruptions, rock fall, landslides, explosions.
914400146117 Fig 16.
Earthquake due to the movement of the plate tectonics STRENGTH TECHNIQUES MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES:
Combination of beams and columns i. e.
beams rigidly connected to columns.
This is used widely in medium rised buildings.
BRACED FRAMES: Structural system consists of daignol steel sections. Primarily designed to resist wind and eatrhquake
forces. (12)
Eccentric type bracing is commonly used in seismic regions.
SHEAR WALLS: Vertical walls of horizontal forces.
Generally used in high rise buildings where seismic and wind forces are high.
DAMPERS: Mechanical device used to dissipate Kinetic Energy of the seismic waves penetrating into the building.
Most suitable for skyscrapers and tall builidngs.
SEISMIC ANALYSIS: Seismic analysis is a subset of structural analysis and is the calculation of the response of a building
structure to earthquakes. It is part of the process of structural design, earthquake engineering. (13)
The seismic analysis is classified as: 1838961114469 Fig 17.
Classification of Seismic analysis LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS: It is also called equivalent static method. it is not suitable for
high rise buildings, it is generally used for regular buildings. (14)
In this method first: the design base shear for the entire building is calculated (which is mentioned in IS 1983:2002 Cl.
7.5.3).
then the design base shear is distributed along the height of the building. Fig 18.
Linear static analysis NON-LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS: It is also called as pushover analysis This method is used to
determine the
strength and drift capacity of buildings It is carried out under permanent vertical loads and gradually increasing lateral
loads to determine
deformation.
148590099245 Fig 19.
Nonlinear static analysis LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS: It is also called as Response spectrum method Need of it: To
determine the peak seismic response of the building.
2)Find accurate results for structural design applications.
Its method of determining the max response of building subjected to a specified earthquake motion.
NON-LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS: In time history analysis, the structural response of a building
such as displacement, acceleration or base shear is obtained w. r. t ground motion.
Provides non-linear evaluation of dynamic structural response of a building subjected to a load which vary according to
time period.
Need of Time History Analysis: 1)Better understanding of structural response for given time history data of an
earthquake 2)When the ground motion records are
non-linear.
APPLICATION OF SEISMIC LOADS IN ETABS 914400145239 Fig 20. Application of seismic loads in ETABS From the above
fig we can understand that we need seismic coefficients to apply seismic loads on a particular building. (15)
These coefficient values are obtained from IS 1893:2002.
The coefficients that are required to apply the seismic loads are seismic zone factor(Z), site type, Importance factor(I).
SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR(Z): The values for the seismic zone factor can be obtained in the IS 1893:2002 in a diagram in
pg. no. (16)
5 SITE TYPE: There three types of sites: TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3 These values can be obtained from the IS 1893:2002 Fig.
2 IMPORTANCE FACTOR(I): The importance factor value is obtained in the IS 1893:2002 Cl.6.4.
2 Now we can apply the seismic loads on the buildings with these three seismic coefficients.
APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SPECTRUM IN ETABS: For the application of response spectrum method in ETABS we follow
as shown in the fig below Fig 21.
Application of response spectrum method in ETABS The scale factor can be calculated from the given formula:
2683562204498 APPLICATION OF
TIME HISTORY METHOD IN ETABS: For the application of time history method in ETABS we follow as shown in the fig.
Fig 22.
Application of Time history method in ETABS The scale factor can be calculated as shown in the previous formula.
DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING MODEL In the present study, a G+23 storeyed building model is taken for analysis and
design.
The building is assumed to be in Bangalore.
The grades of reinforcing steel and concrete used in the building are assumed to be of Fe500 and mild rebar 250 and
M40 respectively.
The plan of the building model indicating the Beam and Column schedule is shown in Figure 23. Table 1.
General features of the model structure Length 18m Width 18m Height 69m Height of typical floors 3m Slab Thickness
150mm Beam
Schedule B1: 500x300 mm B2: 550x350mm B3: 600x400mm Column Schedule C1: 500x500mm C2: 550x550mm C3:
600x600mm Fig 23.
Plan of the model MODELLING OF LOADS The basic loads considered in this study are dead load, live loads, earthquake
loads and wind loads.
The live load (LL) intensities for the various residential buildings are obtained from IS 875 (Part 2): 1987.
The dead load and live loads are mentioned in the above figure.
ANALYSIS OF BUILDING FOR WIND LOAD The wind loads are considered according to the code IS 875(Part 3):1987. The
wind loads on the building is applied with the help of the wind coefficients. (17)
The wind coefficients that we require are the deign wind speed, terrain category, structure class, risk coefficient(k1),
Topography(k3).
The design speed is 33 m/sec as the region we have considered is Bangalore and from the IS 875(Part 3):1987 Cl.5.3.2.
1 we can see that the speed is 33 m/sec.
The next coefficient is terrain category which is category-III, this terrain category is decided depending upon the
surroundings.
The next coefficient is structure class, which is class C, as the building height is greater than 50 m.
The risk coefficient k1=1 from Cl.5.3.1 in the IS code.
The value of k3 is 1 as per the IS code Cl.5.3.3.1.
2133600234130 Fig 23.
Wind load acting on the building ANALYSIS OF BUILDING FOR SEISMIC LOAD As per IS 1893(Part 1): 2002,
dynamic analysis with time history or response spectrum method needs to be performed to obtain the seismic design
force, and its distribution to different levels along the height of the building and to the various lateral
resisting elements.
The building taken for study has 69m in height, and it is situated in seismic zone II.
The importance factor(I) is 1 as per the IS code Cl.6.4.2 table 6.
The site type is assumed as medium soil so the site type is TYPE II. As Per Clause no 7.8. (18)
The site type is assumed as medium soil so the site type is TYPE II. 2 of IS 1893(Part 1): 2002, the dynamic analysis may
be performed either by time history method or by the response spectrum method. (19)
Here, the response spectrum method is used for carrying out dynamic analysis. Fig 23.
Analysis diagram 1371600235635 Fig 24.
Bending moment diagram Fig 25.
Shear force Diagram 1371600160439 Fig 26.
Longitudinal Reinforcement Fig 27.
Column forces DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING MODEL In the present study, a G+23 storeyed building model is taken for
analysis and design.
The building is assumed to be in Hyderabad. The general features of the building model and beam sections used in the
building are given in Table 2. (20)
The grades of reinforcing steel and concrete used in the building are assumed to be of Fe415 and mild rebar 250 and
M30 and M35 for concrete respectively. The plan of the building model indicating the Beam and Column schedule is
shown in Figure 1. (21)
Ground floor, first floor, second floor are for parking. Table 2.
General features of the model structure Length 26.19m Width 21.
45m Height 72m Height of typical floors 3m Slab Thickness 150mm Beam Schedule B1: 500x300 mm B2: 550x350mm
B3: 600x400mm (M30, M35) Column Schedule C1: 600x600mm C2: 700x700mm (M30, M35) Fig 28.
Typical floor plan Fig 29.
Plan & 3d view of building in ETABS MODELLING OF LOADS The basic loads considered in this study are dead load,
live loads, earthquake loads and wind loads.
Dead loads (DL) values are calculated from the unit weights as specified in IS 875 (Part 1): 1987. The live load (LL)
intensities for the various areas of residential buildings are obtained from IS 875 (Part 2): 1987. (21)
The dead load and live loads are mentioned in above figure.
ANALYSIS OF BUILDING FOR SEISMIC LOAD As per IS 1893(Part 1): 2002, dynamic analysis with time history or response
spectrum method needs to
be performed to obtain the seismic design force and its distribution to different levels along the height of the building
and the various lateral
resisting elements.
The building taken for study has 72m in height, and it is situated in seismic zone III.
The importance factor(I) is 1 as per the IS code Cl.6.4.2 table 6.
The site type assumed as medium soil so the site type is TYPE II.
As Per IS 1893(Part 1): 2002, dynamic analysis may be performed either by time history or response spectrum methods.
Here, response spectrum method is used for carrying out dynamic analysis.
LOAD CALCULATIONS Unit weight of Brick Masonry= 20 kN/m sq.
Unit weight of RCC = 25 kN/m sq.
Self-weight of slab = Thickness of slab(m) X unit weight of RCC = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m sq.
Floor finishing =1 kN/m sq.
Unknown force = 1 kN/m sq. Total Load = 5.75 kN/m sq.
Wall load: External wall load = Thickness of wall (Height of wall-Depth of beams) Unit wt.
of Brick Masonry = 11.
4 kN/m Internal wall load = 5.
7kN/m LOAD APLLICATION ON BUILDING 914400145962 Fig 30.
DEAD LOAD 1358900143738 Fig 31. LIVE LOAD Fig 31.
Seismic load 91440063754000ELEMENT FORCES 9144001336119144004668622 Fig 32.
Element forces Columns 914400102870 Fig 32.
Element forces Beams And as follows…………. DIAGRAMS OF S. F. D, B. M. D AND DEFLECTION OF BEAMS AND
COLUMNS914400109918 Fig 33. (22)

Match Urls:
0: https://engineeringdiscoveries.com/what-is-etabs-software/
1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9V-vcXOpG9g
2: https://www.tecquipment.com/ru/curved-bars-and-davits
3: https://www.scribd.com/document/379398563/Hand-Book-on-Seismic-Retrofit-of-Buildings
4: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/soil
5: https://civilengineering.blog/2017/11/04/dead-loads-live-loads-wind-loads/?ak_action=reject_mobile
6: https://study.com/academy/answer/need-help-finding-the-drag-force-on-the-cylinder-per-unit-width.html
7: https://www.real-world-physics-problems.com/drag-force.html
8: https://es.scribd.com/document/345053355/204203567-Pv-Elite-pdf
9: https://testbook.com/question-answer/in-the-equation-vz-vb-k1-k2-k3-k4-which-is-used--602f9689f88ebe92f5e129e5
10: https://www.youtube.com/v/Yz1KGfgt3WA
11:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234081050_ITACA_ITalian_ACcelerometric_Archive_A_Web_Portal_for_the_Diss
emination_of_Italian_Strong-motion_Data
12: https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/99824.Simplified_Building_Design_for_Wind_and_Earthquake_Forces
13: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323150255_Jerk_Response_Spectrum
14: https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB5047.pdf
15: https://4073735.app.netsuite.com/core/media/media.nl?id=6417457&c=4073735&h=f4bf2953ecb7e2f9889c
16: https://www.thefreedictionary.com/no.
17: https://www.mcrma.co.uk/pdf/Wind_guidance_document_final.pdf
18:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269252967_Analysis_and_Design_of_RC_Tall_Building_Subjected_to_Wind_and_
Earthquake_Loads
19: https://docs.bentley.com/livecontent/web/staad.pro%20help-v15/en/STD_SPECTRUM_1893_2016.html
20:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rama-Kunadharaju/publication/301398451_Simplified_Limit_State_Design_Procedur
e_for_RC_Tall_Buildings_Subjected_to_Earthquake_and_Extreme_Wind_Loads/links/5743e1cc08aea45ee84d1790/Simplifi
ed-Limit-State-Design-Procedure-for-RC-Tall-Buildings-Subjected-to-Earthquake-and-Extreme-Wind-Loads.pdf
21:
http://www.kresttechnology.com/krest-academic-projects/krest-mtech-projects/Civil/Civil%20M.tech%20Projects%20201
7/1.Simulations/Base%20papers/15.ANALYSIS%20AND%20DESIGN%20OF%20RC%20TALL%20BUILDING%20SUBJECTED
%20TO.pdf
22:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Load-deflection-behavior-of-rehabilitated-strengthened-and-plated-beams_fig2_311
453824
 Keywords Density

One Word 2 Words 3 Words

load 6.72% wind load 0.87% response spectrum method

0.41%
build 5.39% seismic load 0.69%
dead load live 0.28%
building 5.34% tall buildings 0.6%
load live loads 0.28%
loads 3.5% live load 0.6%
high rise building 0.23%
wind 1.89% dead load 0.6%
design wind speed 0.23%

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