FLUID STATIC

By:
SAIFUL IRWAN SARKAWI
LECTURER
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POLYTHECNIC KUCHING SARAWAK
saiful_2000_my@yahoo.com
+60138036069
 FLUID PROPERTIES
4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (4PP)

ω s 𝒗
ρ 4PP
DEN SPECIFIC WEIGHT SPECIFIC SPECIFIC VOLUME
SITY GRAVITY

3 3
kg/m
3 N/m m/kg
m/ W/v ω / substance
1/ρ
mg / v ω ρg / v/m
v ρ=
ω = ρg ρ /
substance
water

m/vv =
ρg
water
substance
 2
PRESSURE N/m
6 FLUID PRESSURES (6FP)

6FP
GIVEN GIVEN GIVEN SP. GRAVITY, S

PF Pρ Ps
FORCE, F DENSITY, ρ

F/ ρ sρ subs water

A gh
GIVEN WEIGHT, W
gh
GIVEN SP. WEIGHT, ω GIVEN SP. VOLUME, 𝒗

P P
W ω P𝒗
W/A ωh 𝟏/𝒗 gh
 PRESSURE DIAGRAM
F
PF = F / A
P
F

P A= W / A
W = mg
W
Action
m W
A

Pρ =
Action area

h1 ρ
ρ

PP
ρgh
Pω = ωh
X == P
TOTAL PFF ++ PPWW ++ PPρρ ++ PPPRESSURE
SUMMATION ω + PS + PVAT
ω ABOVE

P
h2 ω 1
ω P
X
2
Properties
h3
S
S
Ps =
h4
𝒗
𝒗 s ρ gh
P𝒗 /𝒗 gh
= 𝟏
subs water 3 4

P TOTAL
P TOTAL
 FLUID STATIC
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
PIEZOME BAROMETERS BOURDON MANOMETERS
TER GAUGE
 PIEZOMET BAROMETERS
ER P ATM

OPEN Y PY

PATM ρ Pρ P Z = PY + Pρ
PX = PATM + Pρ Pρ ρ

PX PZ
x Z
ρ ρ

Same Level at the bottom  Same Pressure Same Level at the bottom  Same Pressure

REMEMB
PTOP ER!!!
Ppropertie
ρ Pρ = ρgh
s P Properties P TOTAL =P TOP +P Properties
Ps = Sb ρa gh
ω P TOTAL = SUMMATION PRESSURE AT ABOVE Pω = ωh
v
Pv = gh
PTOTAL
BOURDON GAUGE
Bourdon Tube
Needle shown the
straighten out reading scale
2 4
3
Thread deflection
to Return Spring

PINLET
1
PIPE
 MANOMETER
INVERTED
SIMPLE DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
MANOMETER MANOMETER MANOMETER

Limb

U-Tube

Single Limb with Limbs at both ended Limbs at both ended

One open U-Tube U-Tube Upside Down U-Tube
 SIMPLE MANOMETER
This Simple Manometer consists of a U-tube, containing
PATM with one ends U-Tube connected to limb and other side is open
to atmosphere. Make sure value of PATM from the question.
Pressure at the same level on the BOTTOM is a SAME.
P TOTAL = SUMMATION PRESSURE AT ABOVE
OPEN
PA

Pρ ρ HERE NO LIQUID IN THE TUBE

PB = P A + P ρ + P S
PS S
PB PC = PATM
PB = P C
Same Level at the bottom  Same Pressure
REMEMBER FORMULA 6P

PF = F/A
Find h1 ??? PW = W/A
PA + Pρ + PS = PATM
Pρ = ρgh
PA + ρgh1 + Sb ρa gh2 = PATM
Ps = Sb ρa gh
ρgh1 = PATM - PA - Sbρagh2 Pω = ωh
h1 = PATM - PA - Sbρagh2 Pv = gh
ρg
Unit, m
 SIMPLE MANOMETER
PATM

OPEN
PD = PATM
ρ P TOTAL = SUMMATION PRESSURE AT ABOVE
P TOTAL = SUMMATION PRESSURE AT ABOVE

ω
PA Pω PC = PATM + Pω
PB = P A + Pρ Pρ ρ

PB PC
PB = P C
Same Level at the bottom  Same Pressure REMEMBER FORMULA 6P
Find Pressure PF = F/A
at point A ???
PW = W/A
PA + Pρ = PATM + Pω Pρ = ρgh
PA + ρgh1 = PATM + ωh2 Pω = ωh
Ps = Sb ρa gh
PA = PATM + ωh2 - ρgh1 Pv = gh
Unit N/m 2
 DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER

PA P TOTAL = SUMMATION PRESSURE AT ABOVE

PB
ρ Pρ
P C = P A + Pρ Pρ ρ
P D = P B + Pρ + P ω
This Differential Manometer consists of a U-tube, containing
ω Pω connected to two limbs.
with two ends U-Tube
Pressure at the same level on the BOTTOM is a SAME.
PC PD
P TOTAL = SUMMATION PRESSURE AT ABOVE
PC = P D
Same Level at the bottom  Same Pressure
REMEMBER FORMULA 6P

Find pressure P A + P ρ = PB + P ρ + Pω PF = F/A

at point B ??? PW = W/A
PA + ρgh = PB + ρgh2 + ωh1
Pρ = ρgh
PA + ρgh - ρgh2 - ωh1 = PB Pω = ωh
Ps = Sb ρa gh
Unit N/m 2
Pv = gh
 DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER
In Figure 1, a differential Tube-U manometer is used to measure the pressure difference in
two pipes. If the pressure difference between A and B is 5.4 kN/m2 e = 23 cm, d = 11 cm and
f = 5 cm, calculate the relative density of the oil. (Given s mercury =13.6)
P TOTAL = SUMMATION PRESSURE AT ABOVE
P TOTAL = SUMMATION PRESSURE AT ABOVE

PA

PP = PA + PSo PSo So PB
PSo PQ = PB + PSo + PSm
So
Sm PSm
PP PQ
P P = PQ REMEMBER FORMULA 6FP INFO QUESTION:

Same Level at the bottom  Same Pressure Figure 1 PF = F/A PA - PB = 5.4 kN/m2
PW = W/A PB - PA = - 5.4 kN/m2
Relative Density is Pρ = ρgh he = 0.23 m
Pω = ωh hd = 0.11 m
Spesific Gravity, S.
Calculate Soil ???
PA + PSo = PB + PSo + PSm Ps = Sb ρa gh hf = 0.05 m
h(e-d-f) = 0.23 – 0.11 – 0.05 = 0.07 m
Pv = gh
PA + soρaghe = PB + soρagh(e-d-f) + smρaghf Sm = 13.6
So = ?
soρaghe - soρagh(e-d-f) = PB - PA + smρaghf
so(ρaghe - ρagh(e-d-f)) = PB - PA + smρaghf so = - 5.4 + 13.6x1000x9.81x0.05
so = PB - PA+ smρaghf 1000x9.81(0.23 – 0.07)
ρag(he - h(e-d-f)) so = 0.8096
INVERTED DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER
Same Level on the top  Same Pressure
P TOTAL = SUMMATION PRESSURE AT ABOVE
PC = P D P TOTAL = SUMMATION PRESSURE AT ABOVE

PC PD
Just like differential manometer,
Pω ω this Inverted Differential Monometer is Upside Down.
You still use the same formula but the different is
the pressure at the same Level on the TOP is a SAME.
PA = P C + Pω + P ρ ρ PB = P D + P ρ
Pρ
Pρ ρ
PC = P A - Pω - P ρ PD = PB - Pρ
PA
PB

REMEMBER FORMULA 6P
Find Specific
Weight, ω ??? P A - Pω - P ρ = P B - P ρ PF = F/A
PW = W/A
PA - ωh - ρgh1 = PB + ρgh2
Pρ = ρgh
PA – ρgh1 – PB + ρgh2 = ωh Pω = ωh
PA – ρgh1 – PB + ρgh2 = ω Ps = Sb ρa gh
h Pv = gh
Unit N/m 3
INVERTED DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER

Same Level on the top  Same Pressure

P TOTAL = SUMMATION PRESSURE AT ABOVE P TOTAL = SUMMATION PRESSURE AT ABOVE
PX = P X
PX X X PX
so PSo
PA = P X + P ρ Pρ ρ
PB = PX + PSo + Pρ
ρ Pρ
PA
PX = P A - P ρ PB PX = PB - PSo - Pρ

REMEMBER FORMULA 6P

PF = F/A PA - Pρ = PB - PSo - Pρ
PW = W/A PA – PB ??? PA - ρghy = PB - Sb ρa ghh – ρgh(y – h + z)
Pρ = ρgh
Pω = ωh
PA – PB = ρghy - Sb ρa ghh – ρgh(y – h + z)
Ps = Sb ρa gh PA – PB = 1000X9.81X1 – 0.9x1000x9.81x0.69 – 1000x9.81x(1-0.69+0.23)
Pv = gh
PA – PB = -1579.41 Unit N/m 2
 MULTIPLE U-TUBE MANOMETER

PE = PATM
PB = P B PD = PATM + Pρ
PB Pρ PB
ρ
P D = PB + P S
ρ S Ps PB = PS - PD
PA = P B + P ρ Pρ PB = PS - PATM - Pρ
PB = P ρ - P A PD PD
PA PC = P D
REMEMBER FORMULA 6FP
Calculate PA ??? PF = F/A
PW = W/A
Pρ = ρgh
Pω = ωh
Pρ – PA = PS - PATM - Pρ Ps = Sb ρa gh
Ρagh0.4 - PA = soρagh0.3 - PATM – ρagh0.6 Pv = gh

ρagh0.4 - soρagh0.3 + PATM + ρagh0.6 = PA

PA = 1000X9.81X0.4 – 0.9X1000X9.81X0.3 + 0 + 1000X9.81X0.6
2
PA = 7161.3 N/m
 LET’S DO THIS!!!
A U tube manometer measures the pressure difference between two points A and B in
a fluid as shown in Figure S2(b). The U tube contains mercury. Calculate the
difference in pressure at pipe A and B if h1 = 160 cm, h2 = 50 cm and h3 = 80 cm. The
liquid at A and B is water ρ = 1000kg/m3 and the specific gravity of mercury is 13.6.
P TOTAL = SUMMATION PRESSURE AT ABOVE
P TOTAL = SUMMATION PRESSURE AT ABOVE

PA
PB
ρ Pρ
PC = P A + P ρ Pρ ρ
Sm
PSm PD = PB + Pρ + PSm
PC
PD
PC = P D INFO QUESTION:
Same Level at the bottom  Same Pressure
REMEMBER FORMULA 6FP h1 = 1.6 m
PF = F/A h2 = 0.5 m
The Difference in PW = W/A
h3 = 0.8 m
Pressure A & B, h(3-2) = 0.8 - 0.5 = 0.3 m
Pρ = ρgh PA + Pρ = PB + Pρ + PSm Sm = 13.6
PA – PB ??? Pω = ωh
Ps = Sb ρa gh PA + ρgh1 = PB + ρgh(3-2) + smρagh2 ρ = 1000 kg/m3

Pv = gh PA - PB = ρgh(3-2) + smρgh2 - ρgh1

PA - PB = 1000X9.81X0.3 + 13.6x1000x9.81x0.5 – 100x9.81x1.6
PA - PB = 15696 N/m 2
 LET’S DO THIS!!!
PTANK PATM
PTANK
PATM
PA = PTANK + Pω Pω ω
PS
PA = PTANK + Pω?
PA = PTANK + ωhZ PA PX = P A + P ω
PA
Pω ω PA
SG

PX
G PX = PATM + PS
G

PX = PATM + S ρghh
G

ωhZ = PA - PTANK PX = PA + ωh0.7 PX X

PX = P X X

hZ = PA - PTANK
Same Level at the bottom  Same Pressure
ω
hZ = 20k – 120
?
The depth of
12000 oil, hZ ??? The different
hZ = 1.657 m reading, hh ??? PA + ωh0.7 = PATM + S ρghh G

PA + ωh0.7 - PATM = S ρghh

G

PA + ωh0.7 - PATM = hh
SGρg
hh = 20k + 12000x0.7 + 0
3.05x1000x9.81
hh = 0.949 m