STEADY STATE

HEAT
TRANSFER IN
CONDUCTION
BY: AZRI IZANI
CONDUCTION
 Conduction: Transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to the

adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the particles.

CONDUCTION THEORY

 An area of greater kinetic energy (high temperature) will transfer thermal energy to an area

with lower kinetic energy (lower temperature).

 Higher-speed particles will collide with slower speed particles. The slower-speed particles will

increase in kinetic energy as a result until thermal equilibrium is achieved.

FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT
CONDUCTION
 Basic equation of Fourier’s Law for heat conduction in solid, liquid and gas:

 Integration of Fourier’s Law from temperature at state 1 to temperature at state 2 will

generate a new equation.

FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT
CONDUCTION

Where:

k: Thermal conductivity

A: Contact area

T: Temperature

∆X: Thickness
CONDUCTION THROUGH A
PLANE
 Fourier’s Law of heat conduction through a plane:

Where:
k: Thermal conductivity
A: Contact area
T: Temperature
∆X: Plane thickness
EXAMPLE 1
Consider a 4m high, 6m wide, and 0.3m thick brick wall whose thermal conductivity is k = 0.8
W/m·°C . On a certain day, the temperatures of the inner and the outer surfaces of the wall are
measured to be 14°C and 6°C, respectively. Determine the rate of heat loss through the wall on
that day.
EXAMPLE 2
 The inner and outer surfaces of a 5m x 6m brick wall of thickness 30 cm and thermal

conductivity 0.69 W/m·°C are maintained at temperatures of 20°C and 5°C, respectively.
Determine the rate of heat transfer through the wall, in W.
CONDUCTION THROUGH A
HOLLOW CYLINDER
 In steady operation, conduction through cylinder always related to the conduction within pipe.

 There is no change in the temperature of the pipe with time at any point. Therefore, the rate of

heat transfer into the pipe must be equal to the rate of heat transfer out of it. In other words,
heat transfer through the pipe must be constant.
CONDUCTION THROUGH A
HOLLOW CYLINDER
 Conduction through a cylinder:

Where:

L: Length of cylinder.

r1: Internal radius.

r2: Outer radius.

k: Thermal conductivity.

T: Temperature
CONDUCTION THROUGH A
HOLLOW SPHERE
 In steady state condition, heat conduction through a hollow sphere of inner radius r1 and outer

radius r2 occur due to the temperature different.

 If temperature T1 at the inner surface is greater than temperature T2 at the outer surface, the

heat flows radially outwards.

CONDUCTION THROUGH A
HOLLOW SPHERE
 Hence, the hollow sphere conductive heat transfer rate:

Where:

r1: Internal radius.

r2: Outer radius.

k: Thermal conductivity.

T: Temperature
THERMAL RESISTANCE
CONCEPT
 By using thermal resistance method, we relate the driving force (such as heat) and resistance

in order to calculate heat transfer rate.

 In conduction through flat plate/ plane/ wall/ hollow cylinder/ hollow sphere, Change of

temperature is the driving force while the plate/ plane/ wall/ hollow cylinder/ hollow sphere
itself are the resistances.
EXAMPLE 3
Consider a 3m high, 5m wide, and 0.3m thick wall whose thermal conductivity is k = 0.9
W/m·°C. On a certain day, the temperatures of the inner and the outer surfaces of the wall are
measured to be 16°C and 2°C respectively. Apply the thermal resistance concept, determine the
rate of heat loss through the wall on that day.
THERMAL RESISTANCE
NETWORKS
 is the general thermal resistance expression. It can be detailed as:

 Thermal resistance network: Combination of several thermal resistance.

Thermal resistance
Plate/ plane/ wall Cylinder Sphere

Where Where Where

X: Thickness r1: Inner radius r1: Inner radius

k: Thermal conductivity r2: Outer radius r2: Outer radius

L: Length k: Thermal conductivity k: Thermal conductivity

W: Width L: Length L: Length

SERIES VS PARALLEL
THERMAL RESISTANCE
NETWORK
Series Thermal Resistance Parallel Thermal Resistance
THERMAL RESISTANCE
NETWORK
 Rate of heat transfer could be determine by calculating the total resistance R total. We can

calculate the overall heat transfer rate by using equation:

Where:

T1: initial temperature.

T2: Final temperature.

R total: Total thermal resistances.

EXAMPLE 4
Consider a 0.8m high and 1.5m wide glass window with a thickness of 8 mm and a thermal
conductivity of k = 0.78 W/m·°C. Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this glass
window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is maintained
at 20°C while the temperature of the outdoors is -10°C. Take the Rconvection1 and
Rconvection3 on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be 0.0833 W/°C and 0.0208
W/°C.
EXAMPLE 5
8m long, and 0.22m thick wall whose representative cross section is as given in the figure. The
thermal conductivities of various materials used, in W/m·°C, are kA= kF=2, kB=8, kC=20,
kD=15, and kE=35. The left and right surfaces of the wall are maintained at uniform
temperatures of 300°C and 100°C, respectively. Assuming heat transfer through the wall to be
one dimensional, determine the rate of heat transfer through the wall.
 THE END
Announcements:
1. Quiz 2
2. Tutorial 2