GROUP1 PRESENTATION
• 1. FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE
FILTERS
• 2. INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE
FILTERS
GROUP MEMBERS
CHIPARAUSHE PRAISE A R188816F
MUTAWO CHANTELLE F R1810774
HOVE RYAN R188192A
CHIFAMBA COURAGE A R1810988
HOVE TERERAI R1813810
TADYANEMHANDU DOROTHY R197966R
MAGUME NICOLE R196724U
MAKOSA GIVENET R197126H
TAHWASHA ROBERT R197137Z
KANDAWASVIKA TREVOR R184132R
WHAT IS A FILTER?
• AN AC CIRCUIT DESIGNED TO PERFORM FREQUENCY SELECTION OUT OF A MIX OF
DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES IN A CIRCUIT
• MOST COMMONLY USED FILTERS ARE LOW-PASS, HIGH-PASS, BAND-PASS AND BAND-
STOP FILTERS
• THE MAIN REASON TO FILTER A SIGNAL IS TO SMOOTH OUT HIGH FREQUENCY NOISE
ASSOCIATED WITH A MEASUREMENT
• IN THE DIGITAL REALM, THE ARE TWO TYPES OF FILTERS –FIR(FINITE IMPULSE
RESPONSE) AND IIR(INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE)
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
HIGH-PERFORMANCE STEREO SYSTEMS
IN THE “CONDITIONING” OF NON-SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS IN POWER
CIRCUITS.
FILTER CIRCUITS ARE USED TO ELIMINATE BACKGROUND NOISE
THEY ARE USED IN RADIO TUNING TO A SPECIFIC FREQUENCY
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
USED IN PRE-AMPLIFICATION, EQUALIZATION, TONE CONTROL IN AUDIO SYSTEMS
THEY ARE ALSO USED IN SIGNAL PROCESSING CIRCUITS AND DATA CONVERSION
FILTER CIRCUITS ARE EXTENSIVELY USED IN MEDICAL ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
SYNTHESIS OF FILTERS
• SYNTHESIS OF THE DIGITAL FILTERS BEGINS WITH THE DEFINITION OF THE FILTER
CHARACTERISTICS
• TO SYNTHESIZE THE DIGITAL FILTER, A KNOWN ANALOG FILTER TEMPLATE IS
USED TO FIND A DIGITAL SYSTEM CHARACTERIZED BY THE TRANSFER FUNCTION
H(Z)
• TRANSFER FUNCTION IS THE REPRESENTS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
INPUT AND THE OUTPUT SIGNAL OF A CONTROL SYSTEM AND THE INPUT VALUES,
FOR ALL INPUT VALUES
SYNTHESIS OF FILTERS
• DETERMINATION OF THE TRANSFER FUNCTION BY A DIRECT METHOD IS NOT
SIMPLE, ON THE OTHER HAND
• TRANSFORMING AN ANALOG FILTER TO A DIGITAL FILTER IS RELATIVELY SIMPLE
• MANY METHODS ARE BASED ON DESIGNING A DIGITAL FILTER FROM THE
EQUIVALENT ANALOG FILTER
• THE OBJECTIVE OF FILTER DESIGN IS TO FIND A STABLE FUNCTION THAT IS
REALIZABLE USING A SUITABLE FILTER STRUCTURE TOP ESTIMATE A SPECIFIED
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OR IMPULSE RESPONSE
DIFFERENCE EQUATION
• THE DIFFERENCE EQUATION IS A FORMULA FOR COMPUTING AN OUTPUT SAMPLE
AT TIME BASED ON PAST AND PRESENT INPUT SAMPLES AND PAST OUTPUT
SAMPLES IN THE TIME DOMAIN.
• WE MAY WRITE THE GENERAL, CASUAL, LTI DIFFERENCE EQUATION AS
FOLLOWS:
SYSTEM DESCRIBED BY A DIFFERENCE
EQUATION
• IF THE COEFFICIENTS a ≠ 0 , THE SYSTEM IS SAID TO BE RECURSIVE THUS IIR
0
SYSTEM DESCRIBED BY A DIFFERENCE
EQUATION
• IF THE COEFFICIENTS ai = 0, THEN THE SYSTEM IS DEPENDENT ONLY ON AND IT IS
SAID TO BE NON RECURSIVE THUS FIR
FIR AND IIR FILTERS
• TWO CLASSES OF FILTERS ARE DEFINED BASED ON THE LENGTH OF THEIR
LINEAR IMPULSE RESPONSE
• FIR, FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS ARE ALWAYS STABLE AND CAN BE
DESIGNED TO HAVE EXACTLY LINEAR PHASE
• IIR, INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS ARE UNSTABLE AND CAN’T BE
DESIGNED TO HAVE LINEAR PHASE
FIR & IIR FILTERS
• CLASSES OF FILTERS ARE DEFINED BASED ON THE LENGTH OF
THEIR LINEAR IMPULSE RESPONSE
• THERE ARE TWO METHODS FOR THE APPROXIMATION OF FIR
FILTERS WHICH ARE THE WINDOW METHOD AND THE
FREQUENCY SAMPLING METHOD
CONTINUE
• THE WINDOW METHOD CONSIST OF 7 STEPS WHICH ARE
1. NORMALIZE
2. CHOOSE H(N)
3. CHOOSE WINDOW FUNCTION USING ATTENUATION
4. CALCULATE N
5. CALCULATE H(N)
6. FIND HN(N)
7. TRANSLATE
WINDOW METHOD EXAMPLE
• FIND THE COEFFICIENT OF FIR LOW PASS FILTER USING THE WINDOW METHOD
FROM THE FOLLOWING
• CUTOFF FREQ = FS/10, TRANSITION BAND FREQ = FS/5 AND ATTENUATION IS
GREATER THAN 50DB
FREQUENCY SAMPLING METHOD
• THE FREQUENCY SAMPLING METHOD ALLOWS US TO DESIGN RECURSIVE AND
NON-RECURSIVE FIR FILTERS FOR BOTH STANDARD FREQUENCY SELECTIVE AND
FILTERS WITH ARBITRARY FREQUENCY RESPONSE
• THE FREQUENCY SAMPLING METHOD CAN BE USED TO DESIGN A FILTER WITH
AN ARBITRARY FREQUENCY RESPONSE SUCH AS H(Ω) .
STEPS FOR FREQUENCY SAMPLING METHOD
• 1 CHOOSE THE DESIRED FREQUENCY RESPONSE H(Ω)
• 2 SAMPLE H(Ω) AT N -POINTS BY TAKING Ω=ΩK=2ΠKN WHERE K=0,1,2,3,…...
• 3 THE N-POINT INVERSE DFT OF THE SEQUENCE H(K) GIVES THE IMPULSE
RESPONSE OF THE FILTER H( N).
IIR MAPPING TECHNIQUES
• THE MAPPING TECHNIQUES ARE THE IMPULSE INVARIANCE METHOD AND THE
BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION METHOD
• THE IDEA IS TO MAP AN ANALOG SIGNAL INTO A DIGITAL SIGNAL
IMPULSE INVARIANCE METHOD
• THE STEP INVOLVED ARE AS FOLLOWS:
• INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
• SAMPLING METHOD
• APPLY Z TRANSFORM
IMPULSE INVARIANCE METHOD EXAMPLE
TRANSFORM THE FOLLOWING TO H(Z)
ADVANTAGES OF FIR FILTERS
• IS ALWAYS STABLE(THIS IS BECAUSE ITS POLES ARE AT THE ORIGIN)
• HAS A FINITE DURATION
• SIMPLE(BECAUSE THEY HAVE NO FEEDBACK MEANING THEY DO NOT USE THEIR PREVIOUS VALUES TO
COMPUTE THEIR PRESENT)
• DESIGN COMPLEXITY GENERALLY LINEAR(BECAUSE THEY HAVE A PHASE RESPONSE THAT GRACES OUT A
STRAIGHT LINE)
• NON CAUSAL
• NOISE ERROR IS MINIMUM
• ROBUST
• GOOD PERFOMANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FIR FILTERS
• LARGE STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
• CANNOT SIMULATE PROTOTYPE ANALOG FILTER(BECAUSE OF LARGE STORAGE
REQUIREMENTS)
• DIFFICULT TO IMPLEMENT(REQUIRES COMPLEX COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES)
• EXPENSIVE DUE TO LARGE ORDER
• REQUIRES MORE MEMORY
• TIME CONSUMING PROCESS
ADVANTAGES OF IIR FILTERS
• HAS A STABLE DESIGN
• IMPLEMENTATION REQUIRES FEWER PARAMETERS
• LESS MEMORY REQUIREMENT
• LOWER COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY
• EASY TO IMPLEMENT AND DESIGN
DISADVANTAGES OF IIR
• UNSTABLE
• USUALLY HAS A NON-LINEAR RESPONSE
• HAS A FEEDBACK LOOP HENCE INCREASE NOISE ERROR
• USEFUL ONLY WHEN THE ANALOG FILTER IS BANDLIMITED
• HARDER TO IMPLEMENT USING FIXEDPOINT ARITHMETIC SUCH AS NOISE
• SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE PROBLEM OF FINITE LENGTH ARITHMETIC
• DOES NOT OFFER COMPUTATIONAL AVANTAGES OF FIR FILTER
