HORMONAL INFLUENCE ON

SEX DETERMINATION
 HORMONES ARE SECRETIONS OF ENDOCRINE
GLANDS.

 HORMONES PRODUCED BY GONADS PLAY THE

ROLE OF CONTROLLING SEX DETERMINATON.

 MAIN ROLE OF SEX HORMONES IS SEX

DETERMINATION AND EXPRESSION OF
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS.
 FREE MARTIN IN CATTLE
 STUDIED BY PROF.F.E. LILLIE(1917).

 WHEN TWIN CALVES OF OPPOSITE SEXES ARE

BORN,ONE IS NORMAL MALE AND THE OTHER
IS USUALLY A STERILE FEMALE WITH MANY
MALE LIKE CHARACTERS

 THEREFORE CALLED FREE MARTIN.

 BY THE FUSION OF BLOOD VESSELS , THE
BLOOD OF ONE EMBRYO WITH ITS HORMONES
MAY ENTER THE BLOOD STREAM OF THE
OTHER

 MALE HORMONES INFLUENCE DEVELOPMENT

OF FEMALE EMBRYO IN A MALE DIRECTION.
FREE MARTIN
 SEX REVERSAL IN BIRDS
 IN FOWL,EARLY REMOVAL OF OVARY RESULTS
IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALE COMB,
PLUMAGE AND EVEN TESTES APPEAR.

 IN THE CASE OF HEN THAT LAID FERTILE

EGGS,CEASED LAYING EGGS AND DEVELOPED
A MALE COMBAND PLUMAGE
 IT CROWED AND FINALLY FUNCTIONED AS A
MALE AND BECAME THE FATHER OF TWO
CHICKENS.

 ITS OVARY HAS BEEN DESTROYED BY A

DISEASE AND REPLACED BY A TESTIS.

 SUCH REVERSALS ARE SEEN IN PIGEONS,

AMPHIBIA,FISHES AND LOWER FORMS.
SEX REVERSAL IN MAN
 OVARY COULD BE REMOVED FROM A BABY
GIRLAND BY TREATMENT WITHMALE
HORMONE,SHE WOULD DEVELOP MASCULINE
APPEARANCE.

 BUT NO COMPLETE CHANGE OVER OF SEX

ORGANS TAKES PLACE IN MAN DUE TO THE
ADVANCED STATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE
ORGANS AT BIRTH.
 EXPERIMENTS SHOW THAT REMOVAL OF
GONADS IN YOUNG ANIMALS PREVENT
SEWCONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS.

 A BOY CASTRATED BEFORE ADOLESCENCE

FAILS TO HAVE BEARD, VOICE ,MUSCULATURE
ETC….

 AND INDUCES DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE

CHARACTERS.
 REMOVAL OF OVARY EARLY IN FEMALE’S LIFE
RETARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAMMARY
GLANDS.

 TRANSPLANTATION OF GONADS FROM ONE

SEX TO OTHER ALSO PRODUCES CHANGES IN
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS.
ENVIRONMENTAL
INFLUENCE ON
SEX
DETERMINATION
 IN LOWER ORGANISMS, SEX DETERMINATION
IS NON – GENETIC AND DEPENDS ON
EXTERNAL FACTORS.

 EG: ROTIFERS, ANNELIDS, ECHINODERMS

MOLLUSCS ETC.

 AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE IS THE BONELLIA

VIRIDIS, A MARINE ECHIUROID WORM
STUDIED BY F. BALTZER.
BONELLIA VIRIDIS
Bonellia varieties
 IT EXIBITS SEXUAL DIMORPHISM .

 FEMALE IS FEW INCHES LONG AND HAS A

LONG PROBOSCIS.

 MALE IS MINUTE AND DEGENERATIVE FORM,

LIVES IN THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF THE
FEMALE.
 AFTER FERTILIZATION, THE EGGS DEVELOP INTO
LARVAE, WHICH CAN EITHER DEVELOP INTO
MALE OR FEMALE DEPENDING ON THE
CIRCUMSTANCES.

 LARVAE THAT MOVE AWAY FROM FEMALE

DEVELOP INTO FEMALE.

 THOSE WHICH ATTRACTS TO FEMALE AND COME

IN CONTACT WITH PROBOSCIS TRANSFORMS INTO
MALE.
 MALES MOVE TO REPRODUCTIVE TRACT AND
START PARASITIC EXISTENCE.

 THE PROBOSCIS OF FEMALE PRODUCE A

HORMONE THAT INFLUENCE THE LARVAE
TOWARDS MALENESS.
 THE MOLLUSCAN SNAIL, CREPIDULA PLANA IS AN
ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF SEX DETERMINATION
CONTROLLED BY ENVIRONMENT.

 ISOLATED ORGANISMS DEVELOPS INTO FEMALES.

 BUT SOME BECOME MALES IF REARED IN CLOSE

PROXIMITY TO ADULT MALES.

 HORMONES INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF

THE YOUNG.
CREPIDULA PLANA
CREPIDULA
THANK YOU