Concrete Compaction &

Concrete Curing

Dosen : Prof. Ir. Iman Satyarno, M.Sc., Ph.D

Present by : Ayu Saraswati

 TABLE OF CONTENT

01. Introduction

02. Why Compaction Important

03. Method of Compaction

04. Example Improrer compaction

05. Related code

 Introduction
Compaction of concrete is a very important site operation that allows
the fresh concrete to reach its potential design strength, density and low
permeability. When done correctly, it ensures that concrete completely
surrounds and protects the reinforcement, tendons and cast-in inserts.

Compaction of concrete is the process adopted for expelling the

entrapped air from the concrete. In the process of mixing, transporting and
placing of concrete air is likely to get entrapped in the concrete. The lower the
workability, higher is the amount of air entrapped. In other words, stiff
concrete mix has high percentage of entrapped air and, therefore , would need
higher compacting efforts than high workable mixes.
 Introduction

Purpose

1. To remove entrapped air bublesin concrete and eliminate all types of voids,
2. To improves concrete density (achieve high density),
3. To improve strength, the abrasion resistance and durability,
4. To decreases the permeability and help to minimise its shrinkage and creep
characteristics
5. To minimizes surface blemishes (eliminate honey comb and other defects)
 Introduction
Process Concrete Compaction

Compaction of concrete is, therefore, a two-stage process

Figure 1. First the aggregate particles are set in motion
and slump to fill the form giving a level top surface. In the
second stage, entrapped air is expelled.
 Importance of Compaction
● It is important to compact the concrete fully because, air voids reduce the strength of the
concrete. For every 1%of entrapped air, the strength falls by somewhere between 5 and
7%. This means that concrete containing about 5% air voids due to incomplete
compaction can lose as much as one third of its strength.

● Air voids increase concrete's permeability. that in turn reduces its durability.

● If the concrete is not dense and impermeable, it will not be watertight. It will be less able
to withstand aggressive liquids.

● Moisture and air are more likely to penetrate to the reinforcement causing it to rust.

● Proper compaction also ensures that the formwork is completely filled i.e. there are no
pockets of honeycombed material and that the required finish is obtained on vertical
surfaces.
Importance of Compaction

As may be seen from Figure 2, the effect of compaction

on compressive strength is dramatic. For example, the
strength of concrete containing 10% of entrapped air (air
voids) may be as little as 50% that of the concrete when
fully compacted.
 Method of Compaction

Manual Compaction Compaction by

(Hand Compaction) Pressure and Jolting

Compaction by Compaction by
Vibrator Spinning
 Method of Compaction
Hand Compaction

Manual compaction is also known as hand compaction, which is carried out by rodding ramming or tamping the
concrete, with either a bamboo or steel rod.

Rodding
Rodding is adopted for small placements. Rodding
is pocking the concrete rod topackthe concrete
between the reinforcement and sharp corners and
edges of the concrete cubes. It is also used to
compact the precast concrete blocks.

Ramming
Ramming should be done with care. Ramming can be
carried out in unreinforced foundation concrete or in
small works (ground floor construction). Concrete
should be rammed or puddled to force out the
entrapped air bubbles at the time of placing of
concrete.
Method of Compaction
Hand Compaction
Tamping
Tamping is one of the usual methods adopted in
compacting roof or floor slab or road pavements where the
thickness of concrete is comparatively less and the surface
to be finished smooth and level. Tamping consists of
beating the top surface by wooden cross beam of section
about 10 x 10 cm.
 Method of Compaction
Compaction by Vibrator

It is pointed out that the compaction by hand, if

properly carried out on concrete with sufficient
workability, gives satisfactory results, but the strength
of the hand compacted concrete will be necessarily low
because of higher water cement ratio required for full
compaction. Where high strength is required, it is
necessary that stiff concrete, with low water/cement
ratio be used. To compact such concrete, mechanically
operated vibratory equipment, must be used. The
vibrated concrete with low water/cement ratio will have
many advantages over the hand compacted concrete
with higher water/cement ratio.
 Method of Compaction
Compaction by Vibrator
Internal Vibration
Of all the vibrators, the internal vibrator is most commonly used. This is also called, “Needle Vibrator”,
“Immersion Vibrator”, or “Poker Vibrator”. They are commonly used for the large works whose surfaces are flat
i.e. floor slab, Roof slab, RCC footing, RCC raft, column, etc.

Internal vibrators are well-known and it is the most common type of vibrator. Internal vibrator consists
essentially of a poker (metal rod type vibrating head), housing an eccentric shaft driven through a flexible drive
from a mortar.

The vibrator is kept immersed in one location till the surrounding concrete is consolidated completely. Energy
for compaction is supplied through oscillatory motion of vibrations. The time of vibration at one location should
not be less than 90 seconds.

To aid in the removal of trapped air the vibrator head should be rapidly plunged into the mix and slowly moved
up and down. The actual complection of vibration is judged by the appearance of the concrete surface which
must be neither rough nor contain excess sement paste.
 Method of Compaction
Compaction by Vibrator

Flexible shaft type internal vibrator Motor in hand type internal vibrator
Flexible shaft type may be operated by Motor in hand type can be operated either
compresses air or motor or gasoline engine. electrically or pneumatically
 Method of Compaction
Formwork Vibrator (External Vibrator)

Formwork vibrators are used for concreting columns, thin walls or in

the casting of precast units (whose thickness is up to 600mm) or in the
situation where internal vibrators cannot be used with ease.

The machine is clamped on to the external wall surface of the

formwork. The vibration is given to the formwork so that the concrete
in the vicinity of the shutter gets vibrated. This method of vibrating
concrete is particularly useful and adopted where reinforcement, lateral
ties and spacers interfere too much with the internal vibrator. Use of
formwork vibrator will produce a good finish to the concrete surface.
Since the vibration is given to the concrete indirectly through the
formwork, they consume more power and the efficiency of external
vibrator is lower than the efficiency of internal vibrator.
 Method of Compaction
Table Vibrator

This is the special case of formwork vibrator, where the vibrator

is clamped to the table, or table is mounted on springs which
are vibrated transferring the vibration to the table. In vibrating
table form work is clamped to vibrator. It can vibrate
horizontally as well as vertically

This is adopted mostly in the laboratories and some precast

concrete elements. A vibrating table provides a reliable means
of compaction for precast concrete and has the advantage of
offering uniform compaction.

Platform Vibrator
Platform vibrator is nothing but a table vibrator, but it
is larger in size. This is used in the manufacture of
large prefabricated concrete elements such as electric
poles, railway sleepers, prefabricated roofing elements
etc. Sometimes, the platform vibrator is also coupled
with jerking or shock giving arrangements such that a
thorugh compaction is given to the concrete.
Method of Compaction
Surface Vibrator
The surface vibrator is also known as screed vibrator.
Surface vibrators are mounted on platforms or concrete
screeds and are generally used to compact and finish the
bridge floors, road slabs, etc.
 Method of Compaction
Vibrator Roller

One of the recent developments of compacting

very dry and lean concrete is the use of Vibratory
Roller. Such concrete is known as Roller
Compacted Concrete. Heavy roller which
vibrates while rolling is used for the compaction
of dry lean concrete.

Compaction by Pressure and Jolting
This is one of the effective methods of compacting very
dry concrete. This method is often used for compacting
hollow blocks, cavity blocks and solid concrete blocks.
The stiff concrete is vibrated, pressed and also given jolts.
Method of Compaction
Compaction by Spinning
Spinning is one of the recent methods of compaction of
concrete. This method of compaction is adopted for the
fabrication of concrete pipes. The plastic concrete
when spun at a very high speed, gets well compacted
by centrifugal force. Patented products such a “Hume
Pipes”, “spun pipes” are compacted by spinning
process.
 Method of Compaction

Compaction by Pressure and Jolting Compaction by Spinning

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDiRnUhOb5U Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5HFMBZXFgM

 Improper Compaction

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

Inadequate compaction Inadequate compaction Honeycomb in Concrete due Cold Joints dur to poor
at the beam-column joint at the bottom of column to poor Compaction or Compaction of Concrete
Vibration
 Related Code

1. SNI 2493:2011 Tata Cara Pembuatan dan Perawatan Benda Uji Beton di
Laboraturium
2. SNI 4810:2013 Tata Cara Pembuatan dan Perawatan Spesimen Uji Beton di
Lapangan (ASTM C31-10, IDT)
3. ACI 309R-05 Guide for Consolidation of Concrete
4. ASTM C1611/C1611M-14 Standard Test Method for Slump Flow of Self-
Consolidating Concrete
 TABLE OF CONTENT

01. Introduction

02. Reason to Cure Concrete

03. Method of Curing Concrete

04. Duration of Concrete Curing

05. Effect of Curing on Properties of Concrete

06. Relate Code

 Introduction

Curing is the name given to the procedures used for promoting the
hydration of the cement, the process of controlling the rate and extent of
moisture loss from concrete during cement hydration. Curing consists of
control of temperature and moisture movement from and into the concrete.

To obtain good quality concrete, an appropriate mix must be followed

by proper curing in a suitable environment during the early stages of
hardening. Also for durability as well as performance of structure proper and
homogeneous curing is necessary.
 Introduction

With proper curing, concrete becomes stronger. The strength

improvement is rapid at early ages but continues more slowly
thereafter for an indefinite period. Figure 15-2 shows the strength gain
of concrete with age for different moist curing periods.
 Why Curing Important ?

Cement requires a water/cement ratio about

Concrete derives its strength as a result
0,23 for hydration and a water/cement
of the chemicalreaction of the mix
ration of 0,15 for filling the voids in the gel
water and the cement,a reaction that
pores. In other words, a water/cement ratio
starts at the instantthe two materials
of about 0,38 would be required to hydrate
first come in contact with each other
all the particles of cement and also to
and can continue for long time.
occupy the space in the gel pores.

Curing is done to control the rate and

extent of moisture loss from concrete
Concrete that "dries" out will not to ensure an uninterrupted hydration of
reach its design strength or meet cement after concrete has been placed
specifications. and finished in its final position.
 . . . . . . . Reason to Cure Concrete . . . . . . .

Concrete Strength Gain

Improves durability of concrete

Improved Microstructure Harder,more abrasion-resistant

surface

Enhanced Serviceability

Concrete can be kept moist (and in some cases at a favorable temperature) by three curing methods:
Supplying additional moisture.
Sealing in the mix water
Accelerated curing
Method of Curing . . . . . . . . .
Methods that provide additional sources of moisture replace moisture
lost through evaporation or hydration and maintain the mixing water in
the concrete during the early hardening period. These include ponding
or immersion, spraying or fogging, and saturated wet coverings. These
methods afford some cooling through evaporation, which is beneficial
in hot weather.
Covering the concrete with impervious paper or
plastic sheets, or applying membrane-forming curing
compounds reduces the loss of mixing water from
the surface of the concrete.
Supplying heat and additional moisture to the
concrete accelerates strength gain. This is
usually accomplished with live steam, heating
coils, or electrically heated forms or pads
 Method of Curing

Ponding and Immersion Fogging and Sprinkling

On horizontal surfaces, such as pavements and floors,
concrete can be cured by ponding. Small shallow ponds
are prepared on the top of the surface using clayey soil or
cement mortar.
Fogging and Sprinkling with water are excellent methods of curing
when the ambient temperature is above the freezing level, and the
humidity is low. A fogging and sprinkling is frequently applied through
a system of sprayers to raise the relative humidity of the air over
flatwork, thus slowing evaporation from the surface. Until the finishing
operations are complete, fogging helps to minimize the plastic
shrinkage cracking.
 Method of Curing

Wet Covering Impervious Paper

Wet coverings saturated with water such as burlap, cotton mats, rugs or
other moisture-retaining fabrics are used for the curing process. They
should always maintain wetness to use after the concrete has hardened
enough to prevent surface damage.
Impervious paper for curing concrete consists of two sheets of Kraft
paper cemented together by bituminous adhesive with fibre
reinforcement. It is an efficient means of curing horizontal surfaces
and structural concrete of relatively simple shapes. The advantage of
using this method is that the periodic addition of water is not
necessary and also enhances the hydration of cement by preventing
loss of moisture from the concrete.
 Method of Curing

Plastic Sheets Membrane-Forming Curing Compounds

Plastic sheets materials such as polyethylene film, which is
lightweight, effective moisture retarder can be used to cure
concrete and also easily applied to both complex and simple
shapes.
Liquid membrane-forming compounds consist of waxes, resins,
chlorinated rubber and other materials, that can be used to retard or
reduce evaporation of moisture from concrete. They are the most
practical and widely used method for curing either freshly placed
concrete or concrete after removal of forms.
 Method of Curing
Steam Curing
These methods can best be used in pre cast concrete work. Live steam is
a method of steam curing at atmospheric pressure for enclosed cast-in-
place structures and large precast concrete units. Steam has heat
moisture in it, and it is sprayed on the concrete surface to keep concrete
moisture and also increases the concrete temperature, which eventually
quickens the pace of hardening concrete.
Insulating Blankets or Cover
Layers of dry, porous material can be used to provide insulation
against freezing of concrete when the temperature falls below 0-
degree Celsius. The insulated blankets are manufactured of
fibreglass, sponge rubber, cellulose fibres, mineral wool, and vinyl
foam.
Formwork can be economically insulated with a commercial blanket
that has a tough moisture-proof covering, and care should be taken to
ensure that concrete temperatures do not become excessive.
 Method of Curing
Electrical heated forms or pads
Electrical heating is especially useful in cold weather
concreting where hot oil is circulated through steel forms to
heat the concrete. These electrical curing methods are primarily
used in the precast concrete industry. The method or
combination of methods depends on the various factors like
availability of curing materials, size, shape, age of concrete,
aesthetic appearance and economics. The most important aspect
of curing is temperature - the concrete should not be too cold or
too hot; to prevent from cracking and surface damages.
The method or combination of methods chosen depends
on factors such as availability of curing materials, size,
shape, and age of concrete, production facilities (in place
or in a plant), aesthetic appearance, and economics. As a
result, curing often involves a series of procedures used
at a particular time as the concrete ages. For example,
fog spraying or plastic covered wet burlap can precede
application of a curing compound. The timing of each
procedure depends on the ambient evaporative
conditions and the degree of hardening of the concrete
needed to prevent the particular procedure from
damaging the concrete surface (ACI 308 2009).
 Duration of Concrete

The duration of curing of concrete depends on the grade & type of cement, mix
proportion, desired concrete strength, shape and size of the concrete member and
enviromental & exposure conditions. The duration may vary from few days to
amont.

In case of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Exposed surfaces of concrete shall be

kept continously damp or in a wet condition by ponding or by covering with sacks,
hessian cloth or other similiar material andkept continuously wet for at least 7 days
from the date of placing.

In case of concrete where mineral admixture or blended cements are used, it is

recomended that the above minimum periods may be extended to 10-14 days, for
assisting the secondary reaction.
 Duration of Concrete

American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 301 recommends a minimum curing period corresponding to
concrete attaining 70 percent of the specified compressive strength2. The 70 percent strength level can be
reached sooner when concrete cures at higher temperatures or when certain cement/admixture combinations
are used. Similarly, longer time may be needed for different material combinations and/or lower curing
temperatures. For this reason, ACI Committee 308 recommends the following minimum curing periods3:

ASTM C 150 Type I cement seven days

ASTM C 150 Type II cement ten days
ASTM C 150 Type III cement three days
ASTM C 150 Type IV or V cement 14 days

SNI 03-2847-2002 mensyaratkan curing selama :

● 7 (Tujuh) hari untuk beton normal
● 3 (Tiga) hari untuk beton dengan kuat tekan awal tinggi
 Real Code

1. SNI 2493:2011 Tata Cara Pembuatan dan Perawatan Benda Uji Beton di
Laboraturium
2. SNI 4810:2013 Tata Cara Pembuatan dan Perawatan Spesimen Uji Beton di
Lapangan (ASTM C31-10, IDT)
3. ACI 308R-16 Guide to External Curing of Concrete
4. SNI 03-2847-2002
5. ASTM C-150/AASHTO
 Reference Concrete Curing
1. ACI Committee 308 – Standard Practice for Curing Concrete ACI 308-92.American
2. ASTM C150/AASHTO M85 Effect of Portland Cement
3. Dnyanoba.D.P,dkk,2020,Concrete Curing Method, M. S, Polytechnid, Beed
4. Gonen, T., 2015, The Effect of Inadequate Compaction on Compressive Strength of Concrete
Exposed to Elevated Temperature, Usak University, Turkey
5. Kosmatka, S.H., and Wilson, M.L., 2011, Design and Control of Concrete Mixture, The guide to
applications, methods, and material, Fifteenth Edition, Portland Cement Assicoation
6. Patel,R., 2018, Method of Concrete Compaction and Types of Vibrators,
https://gharpedia.com/blog/concrete-compaction-and-vibrators/
7. Shetty, M.S., 1997, Concrete Technology, S.Chand & Company Ltd.., New Delhi
8. SNI 03-2847-2002 Tata Cara Perhitungan Struktur Beton Untuk Bangunan Gedung
THANK YOU