ANGELINE YUHASNITA

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DURABILITAS BAHAN

CORROSION OF STEEL
IN CONCRETE
 DURABILITAS BAHAN
ANGELINE YUHASNITA
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OUTLI
NE
SOLUTIONS CAUSATIVE FACTORS HOW DOES CORROSION WORK RELATE CODES

DEFINITI
ON

Corrosion Of Steel In Concrete

 ?
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ANGELINE YUHASNITA

WHAT IS
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CORROSI
ON
OF STEEL
ASTM terminology (G 15) defines corrosion as “The
chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material,
usually a metal, and its environment that produces a
deterioration of the material and its properties”
How does corrosion DURABILITAS BAHAN
ANGELINE YUHASNITA
work 495243
Concrete is basically alkaline with a pH > 12.5 this provides a passive environment for the concrete reinforcement so that
the reinforcement is protected from corrosion.
If carbonation penetrates the concrete at high humidity, the pH will drop to neutral and the steel reinforcement will
corrode easily. The same thing happens in the event of neutralization of concrete by natural acid gases such as: SO 2, H2S,
Cl2, etc.

Its shows the potential effect of steel reinforcement on corrosion. Steel reinforcement that has a potential of less
than -800 mvolt against Ag/AgCl electrodes will be resistant to corrosion attack. So the reaction of carbonation or
penetration of chloride can lower the pH of the concrete, resulting in the depassivation of the concrete
environment.
 How does corrosion DURABILITAS BAHAN
ANGELINE YUHASNITA

work 495243

O2 Red rust 3x
Fe2O3 + H2O Vol of Fe

Fe(OH)2 Black rust 2x

Vol of Fe
2Fe++
O2 4OH -

2H2O
Rebar
4e 2Fe
Low electron High electron
density density
Corrosion Of DURABILITAS BAHAN
ANGELINE YUHASNITA

Steel 495243

In Concrete
factors 4
SULFATE 3 LEACHING
CHLORIDES 2 ATTACK
1 ATTACK
Business C
Business D

CARBONATION
Business B

Business A
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ANGELINE YUHASNITA

Carbonation 495243

Carbonation reactions occur from the air or in seawater into concrete and then react with:

This carbonation process

takes place from the surface
of the concrete to the
interior of the concrete,
which finally reaches the
concrete steel contact area.

Concrete that undergoes carbonization is by changing alkaline Ca(OH)2 to CaC03, the pH decreases to
a pH value = 9, as a result, the concrete no longer functions to protect the reinforcing steel from
corrosion attack. The main factor that supports the occurrence of carbonization is the level of
porosity of the concrete, penetration of CO2 in the concrete pores is only possible if the concrete
pores are not filled with water.
 DURABILITAS BAHAN
CHLORIDES ANGELINE YUHASNITA
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ATTACK
Chloride ions from sea water can enter (penetrate) into the
concrete and will damage the oxide layer that protects the
steel reinforcement and lowers the pH of the concrete, so
that corrosion of the reinforcing steel can occur.

Ion chloride is known to be very aggressive towards steel so

that steel is easily corroded. The penetration of chloride ions
into the concrete can cause damage to the concrete because
chloride ions can react with some chemical compounds in the
concrete, such as calcium aluminate, and aluminoferrates,
so that the concrete is damaged. In addition, in the presence of
chloride ions, the resistivity of the concrete becomes lower and
the reinforcing steel becomes more easily corroded as shown in
the following table:
SULFATE DURABILITAS BAHAN
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ATTACK
When the sulfate solution enters the concrete, a reaction
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will occur with the hydration compound calcium aluminate

(3Ca0. Al203.12H20) contained in the concrete.

This reaction produces calcium sulfa aluminate (3CaO.

Al203.3CaS04.31 H20) the volume of this crystal is 3 times the
volume of aluminate (3CaO. Al203.12H20) the original material,
resulting in cracked concrete or degradation of the concrete,
this process eventually causes corrosion of the steel.
reinforcement
Leachi DURABILITAS BAHAN
ANGELINE YUHASNITA
495243

ng
Leaching is the event of a decrease in the concentration of
dissolved compounds around the contact area of the concrete
steel, leaching ultimately lowers the pH value of the concrete
and no longer serves to protect the reinforcing steel from
corrosion attack. Weathering in concrete does not only occur due
to hard water containing aggressive compounds, but also due to
soft water such as aquadest which attacks the concrete surface
due to the dissolution of free Ca(OH)2 contained in cement paste,
the concrete seems to melt and becomes permeable.
Solutions DURABILITAS BAHAN
ANGELINE YUHASNITA
495243

Use of good quality materials.
Corrosion inhibitors such as calcium
nitrite are used as an admixture to
reduce corrosion. Organic-based
corrosion inhibitors, based on amine
and amine and fatty ester
derivatives, are also available
(Nmai and others 1992 and Berke
and others 2003).
Thicken concrete ducking
SNI 2847 2019.
20.6.1.4 Concrete Ducking requirements
for corrosive environments
For protection against corrosion, the
concrete ducking for reinforcement
should not be less than 50 mm for walls
and slabs and not less than 65 mm for
other structural members is
recommended. For precast concrete
manufactured to suit the manufacturer,
the special ducking shall not be less than
40 mm for walls and slabs, and certainly
not less than 50 mm for other members.
The right way to compress concrete Surface Protection (Coatings)
One of the prevention of corrosion is to This method is usually
strive for compact and dense and
homogeneous concrete. This means that temporary, because if the
there is a match between the thickness of protection is damaged or
the concrete (cement moisture content)
and the method of compression. With the damaged the corrosion process
concrete slump test parameters. will run again.
According to Tredland's research, concrete
with a water-cement factor of 0.7 – 0.9 by
means of normal vibration compression,
has the least possibility of corrosion.
upplementary Cementitious Materials DURABILITAS BAHAN
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Corrosion Resistance
When concrete is properly cured, SCMs can help reduce
reinforcing steel corrosion by reducing the permeability of
concrete to water, air, and chloride ions. Concrete with fly ash
shows a slight improvement in the reduction to chloride ion
ingress for concrete at an early age, but improves over time,
reaching very low values at one year. Concrete with slag cement
and some other pozzolans generally exhibits similar behavior.
The incorporation of silica fume can have a dramatic effect,
producing concrete with very low chloride penetrability after just
28 days or so. Only very small improvements at later ages are
observed. Concrete with metakaolin behaves in a similar manner
to silica fume. Concrete containing silica fume or metakaolin is
often used in overlays and full-depth slab placements on bridges
and parking garages. These structures are particularly vulnerable
to corrosion due to chloride-ion ingress.
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Epoxy coated reinforcing steel.
ANGELINE YUHASNITA
Fusion-bonded epoxycoated 495243
reinforcing steel is very popular for the construction of marine structures and
pavements, bridge decks, and parking garages exposed to deicer chemicals. The
epoxy coating prevents chloride ions and other corrosive chemicals, moisture,
and oxygen from reaching the steel. If the epoxy coating contains pinholes or is
damaged during construction, its protection ability is effectively lost.

Epoxy repair kits are available and should be used to recoat the
damaged portion of the bar prior to concrete placement. Epoxy-
coated bars should conform to ASTM A775/A775M,
Specification for Epoxy- Coated Reinforcing
Steel Bars, and to ASTMD3963/D3963M, Specification for
Fabrication and Jobsite Handling of Epoxy-Coated Steel
Reinforcing Bars.
Related DURABILITAS BAHAN

codes
SNI 2052-2014 poin 3.14 
ANGELINE YUHASNITA
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Minimum corrosion damage permission

ACI 201.2R-016, 2016, Guide to Durable Concrete, Reported by ACI Committee 201
Explain factors, causes, and how corrosion of steel in concrete happen

ASTM STP1065-EB Corrosion Rates of Steel in Concrete

Can help you use data to better predict rates of corrosion of reinforced concrete structures. 11 papers on methods of determining corrosion rates of steel in concrete, plus other issues of
interest such as: chloride ingress; effects of pozzolans; concrete properties; corrosion inhibitors; different metals and repair techniques; and mechanisms of corrosion. For research engineers,
electrochemists, instrumentation developers, civil engineers; also facilities owners and structural engineers.

ASTM STP713-EB Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel In Concrete

This comprehensive volume presents information that can be applied toward the understanding and prevention of corrosion related to coastal or offshore reinforced concrete structures as well
as to highway bridges.

ASTM C876-15 Standard Test Method for Corrosion Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the electrical corrosion potential of uncoated reinforcing steel in field and laboratory concrete, for the purpose of determining the corrosion activity
of the reinforcing steel.
1.2 This test method is limited by electrical circuitry. Concrete surface in building interiors and desert environments lose sufficient moisture so that the concrete resistivity becomes so high that
special testing techniques not covered in this test method may be required (see 5.1.4.1). Concrete surfaces that are coated or treated with sealers may not provide an acceptable electrical circuit.
The basic configuration of the electrical circuit is shown in Fig. 1.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are
not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ASTM C876-99
criteria for corrosion of steel in concrete using different standard half-cells