CONJUNCTION

By
YOHANES KAMBARU WINDI, S.Pd., M.Kes.,
MPH
 WHAT IS CONJUCTION

Connecting words, phrases, sentence and ideas

 TYPES OF CONJUCTION

 COORDINATING CONJUNCTION:
Connecting parallel sentences
 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION:
Connecting main (principle/independent) clause
with subordinate/ dependent clause
 A. TYPES OF COORDINATING
CONJUCTION
1. CUMULATIVE (PENAMBAHAN)
2. ALTERNATIVE (PILIHAN)
3. ADVERSATIVE (PERTENTANGAN/
KONTRAS)
4. ILLATIVE (KESIMPULAN)
 CUMULATIVE

1. AND
Examples:
 She is smart and beautiful
 Father and mother are going to the party
 I live and work in Surabaya
 She didn’t come last night and I feel sad for her
absence
2. BOTH....AND (dan...juga)
Examples:
 Both Rony and his sister are mad of soap-opera
 She is both ashamed and ignored by her family
3. ALSO (Juga)
Examples:
 You are clever and also diligent
 Rudy is honest, and also his young sister
4. AS WELL AS (dan juga, sama halnya)
Examples:
 He is as well as you invited to Dian’s wedding
 He fails the test as well as you
 As well as Rico, Don was encouraged to apply
the scholarship
5. NOT ONLY....BUT ALSO
Examples:
 He is not only pass the final test, but also wins
the prize of best student
 Not only Rian left the party early, but also Chris.
 Jhon is not only working hard during his
holidays, but also helping his father painting their
house
 STUDY THESE

 Besides (Disamping)
 Further (Selanjutnya)
 Likewise (Sama halnya
 Moreover (Lagipula
 Furthermore Selanjutnya
 ALTERNATIVE

1. Either .....or
Examples:
 Either Ronny or May take care the pets
 What if your favorite subject? Well, I’ll like
either chemistry or physics
2. Neither...nor
Examples:
 The speech is neither interisting nor boring
 Neither Jhon nor Marry pay the rent
 He was neither opium-smoker nor a drunkard
3. Or
Examples
 You or Thomas is wrong
 They will visit Kuta or Legian during their
holiday in Bali
 Which one you prefer to drink? Coffee or tea?
3. OTHERWISE (Kalau tidak)
Examples:
 You must study hard, otherwise you’ll fail the
exam
 Grandpa needs to take rest, otherwise he’ll get
exhausted
 ADVERSATIVE

1. BUT
Examples:
 He didn’t break the law but you did
 He is poor but honest
 She is beautiful but lazy
3. YET (Namun, Sekalipun begitu)
Examples:
 She is very rich, yet she is not contended
 The house is old, yet they do not renovate it
 She runs all the way, yet she arrives late
4. NEVERTHELESS (Namun)
Examples:
 He is very clever student, nevertheless he often
makes mistakes
 She is poor, nevertheless she always donates a
sum of money for the orphan house
5. HOWEVER (Tetapi)
Examples:
 I’ll like to visit my parents, however, I haven’t
enough time as I busy with my works
6. WHEREAS (Sedangkan, sebaliknya, padahal)
Examples:
 Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it
 I thought he is my old friend, whereas he is my
sister’s
7. WHILE (Sedangkan, meskipun, sementara,
ketika)
Examples:
 While Sandra is well organized, She sometimes
forgetfull
 While I like fashion style, I don’t like the
material
 Rony is tempramental while his brother, Jhon, is
cool
8. ONLY (hanya, sayang)
Examples:
 The book is interisting, only too long
 She practiced a lot, only she was defeated
 STUDY THESE

 Nothwithstanding (Meskipun)
 On the contrary (Sebaliknya)
 On the other hand (Sebaliknya
 ILLATIVE

1. THEREFORE
Examples:
 He came late, therefore he missed the bus
 Guy has no money for hanging out, therefore he
just staying home enjoy the TV
2. SO (Oleh sebab itu)
Examples:
 It is time to go, so let us start
 You were late last week, so come early tomorrow
3. SO THEN (maka)
Examples:
 It is time for lunch, so then we should go to the
canteen right now
4. THEN (maka)
Examples:
 You are wrong, then say sorry to her
 If you don’t want fail again, study hard then
 STUDY THESE

 Accordingly (Jadi, karena itu, maka)

 Consequently (karenanya)
 Thus (maka, jadi)
 Therefore (oleh karena itu)
 Hence (Sebab itu, karena itu, karenanya
 Wherefore (Mengapa)
 A. SUBORDINATING
CONJUCTION / adverb clause
 Connecting main (principle/independent) clause
with subordinate/ dependent clause (adverb
clause
 Adverb clause can not stand alone as a sentence
 It must be connected to an independent clause
using subordinating conjuction
 Modes of dependence

1. Adverb clause showing connection of time

After Since Whenever

Before Until Everytime (that)
When As soon as The first time (that)
While Once The last time (that)
As As/so long as The next time (that
By the time that
 Examples:
 After the graduation, she will find a job
 She had left before he comes
When (at that time)
 When I was a child, I loved to dance
While and as (during that time)
 While I was talking on the phone, the doorbell
rings
 As I talking to miss Green, my wife comes around
by the time
 By the time he arrived, the bus had already left
Since (from that time to the present)
 I haven’t seen her since she moved to another town 15
years ago
Until and till (to that time and then no longer)
 We will stayed until the show finished
 I will keep on eye on him till he finished his
homework
As soon as and once (When one event happen followed
by others afterwards
 As soon as the rain stopped, we left
 Once it stops raining, we will leave
As long as / so long as (during all that time, from beginning
to end)
 I will never speak a word with him as long as I live
 They may stayed here so long as the wish

Whenever and every time (every time

 Whenever I meet her, I couldn’t stand to say hello
 Everytime I see Mrs. Rodge, I remember my late mother

 The first time I met her, she wore pink blouse

 I went to Crown casino the last time I visited Las Vegas
 The next time I go New York, I’m going to watch opera
 2. Showing cause and effects

2.1. Adverb Clause showing cause and effects

 Because
 Now that (because now)
 Since
 As
 As/so long as
 Inasmuch
 BECAUSE

EXAMPLES:
 Because he is sick, he does not go to school
 He went to sleep because he was sleepy
 The car is broken because it drived carelessly
 We listen news from radio because our TV is
broken
 Since, now that, as

 Since he is not interested in classical music, he

decided not to go the concert
 I am going to trip to village now that the semester
is finished
 As she has nothing to do, she can help you to
clean the house
 As/so long as, Inasmuch,

 You could come here as long as (so long as) you

have time
 Inasmuch the two parties has not come to
solution, the conflict may exist
 2.2. Preposition showing cause and
effect
Because of
We stayed home because of cold weather

 Due to

Due to bad weather, the voyage is delayed

 2.3. Transition showing cause and
effect (as result)
 Therefore
Dony doesn’t study hard. Therefore, he failed (He,
therefore, failed)
 Consequently
She has no enough money. Consequently, she
couldn’t go to university
 3. Showing contrast

3.1. Even though, although or though (unexpexted

result)

Examples:
I put my sunglass even though it is cloudy
She rides her motorbike fast although she is not late
Though he practiced a lot, he still gain weight
 3.1. direct contrast (while and
whereas)
 While
Examples:
Some people are tall while others are short
While some parts of the world get an abundance of
rain, others get little or none
 Whereas (formal writing)
Examples:
Mary is poor, whereas Jhon is rich
Many people prefer to live in city, whereas some
others enjoying living in the country
 4. Adverb clause expressing
condition
 If
 Only if
 Unless
 Whether or not
 Even if
 In case
 In the even that
 4.1. If clause

 If it is rain, the street is wet

 We can’t go to picnic if it is raining
 If you have not enough money, you can’t buy a
new car
 4.2. Whether or not and even if

 Whether or not (neither this condition nor that

one, the result are the same)
Examples
I am going to swim tomorrow whether or not it is
rain
Whether or not you are not coming, the party must
go on
 Even if (give the idea that a particular condition
does not matter. The result will not change)
Examples:
I have decided to go swimming tomorror even if
the weather is cold
Sam laugh at his father’s jokes even if some of the
jokes are not funny
 4.3. In case and In the even that

 Both express idea that something possible won’t

happen, but it might be
Examples:
In case you need money, keep these during your
holidays
You might see me at my uncle’s house in the even
that you need my signature
 4.4. unless

 Unless (if....not)
Examples:
I will go the zoo unless it is crowded
You can’t get driving licence unless you are not
sixteen years old
 4.5. Only if

 Only if express the idea that only one condition

that will cause a particular result
Examples:
The football game will be cancelled only if it is
raining
You can go the party only if you got the invitation