Book of Knowledge

G R O U P 1 R E P O R T
 Table of Contents
CHAPTER 2 • Models of Disability
Addressing Diversity
Through the Years: • The Moral or Religious Model
Special and Inclusive • The Biomedical or Individual Model
Education
• The Functional or Rehabilitation
• The Social Model
• Rights-Based Model and Twin Track Approach
 The Reporters

Prince Lienard Elena Castro

Tanjente

Prince Lienard Tanjente

1st REPORTER
Raihana Roelyn
Almasa Bastida
 Introduction
Teaching is a noble
profession which comes with so
much responsibility and duty
towards students. Teachers not
only instruct their students and
pass on their information, but
they also serve to inspire and
encourage their pupils for life
and to take significant steps in
life.
Over the course of history,
diversity has been shown to be an
issue that causes individuals to lack
understanding in a variety of facets
of their life and in various situations.
Models of
Disability
The history of treatment and attitude toward
people with disabilities has often been marked by
societal fears, intolerance, ambivalence, prejudice,
and ignorance regarding disability.
Disability may be present from birth, or occur
during a person's lifetime. Local customs and
beliefs include wrong and harmful ideas about
disability where they believed that anybody who is
'different' should be excluded, mocked and
criticized.

Sociology helped us to
comprehend individuals who
have disabilities to look at
what was going on in their
community at a particular
moment in time, event that
shaped, and review historical
highlights to understanding
man's thoughts on disability.
The Evolution of
Models of Disability
The evolution of concepts defining disability has been
conditioned mainly by socio-economic and legislative
changes. Smart (2204) Emphasizes that models of
disability are important as they serve several purposes:
 They provide definition of disability
 They offer explanation for this condition
 They are based on perceived needs
 They inform policy
 They are not “value-Neutral”
 They define the academic discipline that focus on
disability
 They “shape the self-identity of PWDs
 They can provide insight on how prejudices and
discrimination occur
 The Moral/Religious
Model

The Medieval Age (AD 476 - early 1800s)

This period saw the Church as one of the most

influential figures in Europe. The idea of God as an
all-powerful being was so strong in man's
consciousness that it affected the way society
treated PWDs at the time.

The middle ground was to see disability as a test

of faith and an opportunity to redeem oneself
through endurance, resilience, and piety.

Elena Castro
2nd REPORTER

Protection is also a primary concern as there is
an instinct to protect both persons with
disabilities for their vulnerability and the
economic and social order which might be
disrupted by “deviant members” of society.
(Jackson, 2018)
In one strand of the moral/ religious model,
disability is equated with the sin, evilness, or
spiritual ineptness of either the PWD or of a
PWD's family member. Such a belief can cause
not just the PWD's isolation but also the
exclusion of the entire family unit from
communal events.
- In addition, some cultures who ascribe to a
moral/religious model of disability may also lean
toward a type of mystical narrative. Their belief
is that disabilities may impairsome senses yet
heighten others, thereby “granting him or her
'special abilities to perceive, reflect, transcend,
be spiritual”.
The Biomedical/Individual
Model
This model paved the way for people to shift mind-sets from a
religious perspective to a more evidence-based model of disability
called the biomedical (medical) model.
Here, PWDs are seen as persons who are ill and meant to be
treated or “made more normal". Disability is seen as a medical
problem that resides in the individual. It is a defect in or failure of a
bodily system and as such, is inherently abnormal and pathological.
Whereas a moral/religious perspective sees disability as
something permanent, the biomedical (medical)model considers
disability as a “glitch” the PWD is born into, which needs assessment
and fixing.
Such a perspective pushes forth the idea that PWDs have
problems. It also reinforces the notion that those “without disabilities”
are superior than those with disabilities, and that they have a primary
responsibility over the welfare of the disabled.
 The Functional/ Rehabilitation

This model is similar to the medical model in that

it conceptualizes disability as an impairment or deficit.
Disability is caused by physical, medical or cognitive
deficits. The disability itself limits a person's
functioning or the ability to perform functional
activities.

The functional rehabilitation program includes

strength, flexibility, and agility training as well as
training focused on coordination of body parts and
motion to prepare the individual to return to full
participation.

Raihana Almasa • Cerebral Palsy

2nd Reporter • Cripple
 What is the importance of Functional/
Rehabilitation Model?
This rehabilitative model is closely
related to the medical model. It focuses
on the belief that if the person with a
disability makes an effort and works with
rehabilitative services, they can
overcome their disability.
Social Model of Disability
It is the understanding that disability is
something that is created by society. This is
because disabled people face barriers that stop
them from taking part in society in the same way
as non-disabled people. There are physical barriers
that disabled people face.
The Difference between Social Model of Disability
& Medical Model of Disability
The social model of disability says that
disability is caused by the way society is organized.
Whereas, the medical model of disability says
people are disabled by their impairments or
differences.
Mike Oliver - a lecturer in the 1980s
who coined the term "social model“.
The social model reiterates that
impairment should be seen as a normal
aspect of life and when it happens, it
should not cause a stir. (Kaplan, 2000)
(Clough & Corbett 2000) The social
model became society's reaction to
how biomedical perspective viewed
disability
Example Of A Social Model
Of Disability
You are a disabled person who can't use
stairs and wants to get into a building with a step
at the entrance. The social model recognizes
that this is a problem with the building, not the
person, and would suggest adding a ramp to the
entrance.
 RIGHTS-BASED MODEL
AND TWIN TRACK
APPROACH

Roelyn Bastida
2nd Reporter
 THE RIGHTS – BASED
MODEL

 Offers a theoretical framework SOCIAL MODEL

for disability policy
 Mostly critical of public
 It emphasizes the human health policies
dignity of PWD’s
 Recognizes human rights
 Recognizes the PWD's protection for PWD's
Vulnerability
 TWIN TRACK APPROACH
RIGHTS – BASED APPROACH TO
EDUCATION
   Combines Social Model & Rights
 Devoted to the realization of each learner’s Based Model
Education

 Education is a basic human right  Promotes individual needs

 
4 KEY FACTORS IN RIGHTS-BASED  Allowing the PWD to join the
MODEL mainstream
 The Government as duty – bearers
 The Child as the Rights-holder  Will be given opportunities for
 The parents not only as duty bearers but also disability-specific programs
representatives of the child
 The teachers, both as Rights-holder and duty-
bearers
 WHAT IS SPECIAL NEEDS
EDUCATION?
 
Education is the action or
process of teaching someone
especially in a school, college or
University
 
TEACHING- LEARNING
PROCESS
1st, Being educated at home
2nd, Preschool
3rd, Elementary – Secondary –
Tertiary School
Lastly, we graduate
“The real goal of Education is
becoming a good person & becoming
more capable person than when you
started.”
Education has to address 4 aspects of
learning:
 Learning in order to know
 Learning in order to do
 Learning so we can live
harmoniously w/ others
 Learning in order to be
“Education itself has to be available &
accessible to all”

Pathology of difference – people posses
different attitude and skill levels
 
 Average population- normal people
 Below Average – below normal
 Above Average- Above Normal
At the extremes – possess exceptionally
high capabilities or extremely low level
skills
HOW DOES EDUCATION
ADDRESS THIS REALITY?
“SPECIAL EDUCATION!”
 Is an attempt to increase the fairness of universal
public education for exceptional learner’s
 
 Main goal of Special Education
 Ensure that those perceived to have difficulties in
learning will be taught, in a different way.
Key to Nation-Building
 Quality education accessible to all types of
learner’s .
SUMMARY
Through the years, the inability and limitations experienced by PwDs often become
obstacles to carrying out their daily activities. They were not deserving of being handled in such
a manner. As future educators, let us put an end to the prejudice and the mindset that the
society has about them. Instead, we should encourage inclusiveness and awareness in such a
way that enables them to be an advocate for social justice both inside and outside the
community.

At school, let us put our capabilities to use in satisfying the requirements of our kids by
fostering a safe environment in which they may have the impression that they are loved and
cared for by their teachers and peers. By understanding the best way to teach all types and
levels of learners, you understand the way that more students learn, not just those with
exceptionalities
Thank You For
Listening!