GOOD MORNING

NICKLE-TITANIUM ALLOYS AND

BETA TITANIUM WIRES
BY: Dr. Shreya Agrawal
 EVOLUTION
• Invented at Naval Ordnance Laboratory in
1968 by William Buehler.
• Dr. Andresaen introduced it in dentistry – 1971
• Marketed by Unitek (1974) – Nitinol
Ni – Nickel
Ti – Titanium
Nol – Naval Ordnance Laboratory
• Andreasen suggested that, the "memory" phenomenon as
a result of temperature induced crystallographic
transformations which helps in shape changes, might be
useful for the orthodontist to apply forces.
• Andreasen and Barrett demonstrated that nitinol had a
lower stiffness than stainless steel and could be deflected
further without permanent deformation when tied into
malaligned teeth.
• Numerous nickel-titanium wires have been introduced into
the market like Chinese NiTi, Japanese NiTi, Nitinol,
Orthonol, Sentalloy, Titanol etc.
• Each claiming superb elastic property and shape memory.
 VARIABLE MODULUS ORTHODONTICS

• With the availability of wires with widely varying

property, it becomes possible for the clinician to
select wires for early stages treatments and increase
to higher levels towards the finish of treatment.
• This approach has been termed by BURSTONE as
"Variable modulus orthodontics".
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF NiTi Alloys
1. ACTIVE :- A term that is used to describe an alloy that is
capable of undergoing its anticipated phase transformation.
2. PASSIVE :- An alloy that is incapable of undergoing its
anticipated phase transformation because extensive plastic
deformation has suppressed the transition.
3. TWINNING :- Certain metals that crystallize in HCP structure,
deformation occurs by twinning.
It refers to a movement that divides the lattice into two
symmetric parts; these parts are no longer in the same plane
but rather at a certain angle.
e.g. NiTi alloys are characterized by multiple rather than single
twining throughout the metal
When these alloys are
subjected to higher
temperature.

DETWINNING OCCURS

Alloy reverts to its original

shape.
(SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT).
4. AUSTENITE :-
It has got BCC structure. The stronger, higher temperature
phase present in NiTi.
5. MARTENSITIC TRASFORMATION :-
Process of phase transformation which is DIFFUSIONLESS,
occuring from within and without any chemical change which
results in transformation of Austenite (parent phase) to
Martensite following rapid cooling. It has got HCP structure.
The more deformable, lower temperature phase present in
NiTi.
e.g. Product of such transformation in NiTi alloys is called
MARTENSITE whether it is thermally activated or not
thermally activated.
 HYSTERESIS
• Hysteresis: The temperature difference between a phase
transformation upon heating and cooling. In NiTi alloys, it is
generally measured as the difference between Ap and Mp.
Phase Transformation: The change from one alloy phase to
another with a change in temperature, pressure, stress,
chemistry, and/or time.
R-phase: A phase intermediate between Martensite and
Austenite that can form in NiTi alloys under certain
conditions. It has a rhombohedral shape.
Shape Memory: The ability of certain alloys to return to a
predetermined shape upon heating via a phase
transformation.
Superelasticity: It is the property demonstrated by the wires
when the force value remains fairly constant up to a certain
point of wire deformation and stays constant as the wire
rebounds.
Thermoelastic: It is a temperature induced phase transformation
and shape memory from martensitic to austenite and vice
versa.
 • MARTENSITE • AUSTENITE

• Low stiffness phase • High stiffness phase

• Elastic modules of 31 – 35 • Elastic modulus of 84 – 98
GPa GPa
 TEMPERATURE TRANSITION RANGE
• Martensitic transformations do not occur at a precise
temperature but rather within a range known as
temperature transition range(TTR).
• Transformation from Austenite to Marteniste and reverse
do not take place at same temperature, this difference is
known as HYSTERESIS.
• Range for most binary NiTi alloys  40 - 60 C.
• Transformation from Austenite to Martensite can occur by.
1. Lowering the temperature.
2. Applying stress (Stress induced Martensite) SIM.
• Austenite and Martensite have different crystal structure and
mechanical properties the most notable mechanical
properties of Nitinol wires i.e superelasticity and shape
memory are result of reversible nature of Martensitic
transformation.
• TTR above the body temperature renders the alloy austenitic
which is more rigid
• TTR below the body temperature renders it martensitic that is
super elastic

Austenite wires - 2% of the strain range

Martensitic wires - 8% of the strain range
 MANUFACTURING OF NiTi
• Nickel and titanium are
most commonly
manufactured into the niti
alloy by the process of
vacuum induction melting
or electric arc melting.
• Segregation is often a
problem because there is a
relatively wide disparity of
melting points.
VACUUM INDUCTION MELTING
 PROPERTIES OF NiTi
• Various outstanding properties have been attributed to Ni-Ti
such as:
• 1. Shape memory
• 2. Super elasticity
• 3. Corrosion resistance
• 4. Bio compatibility
• 5. Resistance to torsional fracture
• 1.Shape memory – ability of the material to remember its
original shape after being plastically deformed while in
martensitic form.
• Alloy is set in a shape above TTR(transitional temperature range)
and when its cooled below, it can be plastically deformed.
• Now when its re heated it regains its original shape.
• This property is called thermoelasticity.
• Force produced by niti wire does not vary over a
considerable range of deflection.
• So the arch wire exert same force when deflected
over greater distance.
 COMPOSITION
• Nickel-55%
• Titanium-45%
• Normally TTR of niti is too elevated to respond to the body
temp & so more complex metals are added so that the TTR
can be lowered to as much as -200⁰ C.
• Fe, Al, Co, Cr, etc may be added to increase the stiffness of the
alloy.
• For thermally activated purpose Cu & Co may be added to so
that they bring down the TTR close to oral temp.
• The addition of Cu helps in easier engagement of the wire,
while the addition of Carbon improves spring back property of
the wire.
 TYPES OF NiTi
1) Stabilized Nickel Titanium Alloys
2) Super Elastic Nickel Titanium Alloys (active austenitic)
A) Chinese Niti Alloy wire
B) Japanese NiTi alloy
3) Thermodyanimic Nickel Titanium Alloys ( active martensitic)
A)Copper Niti wire
15 °
27 °
35 °
40 °
4) Graded Thermodynamic Nickel Titanium(bioforce archwires)wires
5) Teflon Coated (Esthetic) Nitinol Archwires
 STABILIZED NICKLE TITANIUM ALLOYS
• Andreasen and Hilleman (1971)
• 55 % nickel + 45 % titanium = stabilized martensite crystal
structure.
• The stabilized martensitic alloy do not possess shape memory
or super elasticity, because the processing of the wire creates
a stable martensitic structure.
• Moderately high ultimate strength of 2,50,000 psi.
• Low modulus of elasticity at 4,800,000 psi.
• These give 'Nitinol' its good spring back or working range.
SUPERELASTIC NICKEL TITANIUM ALLOYS
• They are active austinitic.
• 2 types:
1. Chinese NiTi Alloy
2. Japanese NiTi Alloy
• On loading, the austenitic active alloy starts with
stiffness that produces aproximately 3 times the
force per activation of conventional martensitic
stabilized Niti alloy (Nitinol).
 CHINESE NITI ALLOY
• General Research Institutes for Non-Ferrous metals
Beijing, China 1978 by Dr. Tien Hue Cheng.
• Properties were studied by Burstone, Qin and Morton.
• It has more than 4.6 times the springback of S.S wire.
• More than 1.4 times the spring back of nitinol wire.
• It has lower transition temperature range.
• It exerts constant force regardless of the amount of
deflection.
• Deformation is not particularly time-dependent and is
efficient in moving teeth into alignment from extreme
positions.
 CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
1. Used in conditions were teeth are badly mal-aligned
due to high range of action or spring back.
2. There is a force difference if the appliance is left in
place throughout the deactivation or if it is removed
and retied. The simple act of untying and retying
can increase the magnitude of the force.
3. If larger cross sections are used, they are capable of
delivering the larger moments required for major
tooth movement, such as root movement and
translation.
 JAPANESE NITI ALLOY WIRE (SUPER ELASTIC)

• Furukawa electric Co. Ltd., of Japan in 1978

• Miura .F, Mogi .M, Ohura .Y and Hamanaka .H in
1986
• These have three main properties –
• 1.Excellent spring back
• 2.shape memory
• 3.Super elasticity
• The least likely to undergo permanent deformation
during activation.
• The super elastic nature is because of their crystal
structures which are able to vary under different
environmental conditions.
• The material is capable of phase transformation
under conditions of stress and temperature, and is
termed 'active' .
• Because of super elastic nature its used as aligning
arch wire.
• Super elasticity results from stress induction during
archwire ligation.
• The load becomes almost even when the
deflection is decreased in the bending test.
• This feature provides a light continuous force so
that an effective physiologic tooth movement can
be delivered.
• Super-elasticity is especially desirable because it
delivers a relatively constant force for a long
period of time, which is considered a
physiologically desirable force for tooth
movement.
 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
• Alignment of badly malposed teeth
• Distalize the molar
• Expansion of arch
• Gain/Close the space
• Periodontally compromised patients
MOLAR DISTALIZATION WITH SUPER ELASTIC
NiTi WIRE.
- R.LOCATLLI et al ( JCO 1992 MAY ) .
 NICKEL TITANIUM DOUBLE
LOOP SYSTEM
- GIANCOTTI
( JCO APRIL 1998 )

After second molar erupts

80g Neosentalloy arch
wire
2 sectional arch wires
 NITI COIL SPRINGS
• The concept of NiTi coil springs was suggested
in 1975.
1. Open coil springs.
2. Closed coil springs.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF SPRINGS.

1. Diameter of the wires  super elastic activity.

2. Size of the lumen 1/ super elastic activity.
3. Martensite transformation temperature 1/
super elastic activity.
4. Pitch of the open coil spring – when it is
changed from fine to coarse, the load value of
super elastic activity remains same but range
increases.
Closed coil spring

After 5 months
Open coil spring

After 3 months
 NICKEL TITANIUM PALATAL EXPANDER
W.V.ARNDT ( JCO 1993 )
• Tandem-loop, nickel
titanium, temperature-
activated palatal expander
• With the ability to produce
light, continuous pressure
on the midpalatal suture
• While simultaneously
uprighting, rotating, and
distalizing the maxillary
first molars.
Passive Initial After
appliance activation expansion
 THERMODYNAMIC NICKEL TITANIUM ALLOY

• Thermodynamic NiTi alloys exhibit a true shape

memory and superelasticity due to thermally induced
phase transformation.
• Scientist are able to control the transition temperature
(TTR) of nickel titanium alloys and now it can be set
around the mouth temperatures.
• Incorporation of copper in the nickel-titanium wire
(copper-NiTi) increases the sensitivity to changes in
mouth temperature by allowing greater precision in
the setting of transformation temperatures.
 LIGATION OF THE MALLEABLE MARTENSITIC ARCHWIRE

BODY HEAT INCREASES THERMODYNAMIC SHAPE

THE RATIO OF MEMORY
AUSTENITE PRESENT

REVERTS TO ITS PREDETERMINED IDEAL AUSTENITIC

ARCHFORM

•An active martensitic wire will deliver 25-30% of the

force / unit area.

THERMAL ANALOGUE OF SHAPE

MEMORY
 COPPER NITI WIRE
• Introduced by Rohit Sachdeva and Suichi Miyaski
(1994).
• Marketed by ORMCO Corporation, USA.
• Quaternary alloy nickel, titanium, copper & chromium
• Addition of copper lowers the rigidity and consequently
reduces its activation and deactivation moments.
• Copper NiTi is more resistant to permanent
deformation, exhibits better springback characteristics
and a smaller drop in unloading force than other nickel
titanium alloys.
• Addition of Copper increases the strength, provides
more accurate control of TTR, makes it more energy
efficient, ie, the force to tie in a rotation closely
approximates the force required to rotate a tooth.
• Addition of Copper combined with more
sophisticated manufacturing and thermal treatment
make possible four different types of Copper – NiTi
wires with precise and consistent transformation
temperatures i.e., 15oC, 27oC, 35oC and 40oC.
• These four alloys form the basis for “Variable
transformation temperature orthodontics"
 Type I – Af -15 C o

• Not used for clinical applications due to its

high force level.
 Type II – Af – 27 C o

• Round and Rectangular 27°C Copper Ni-Ti

• Generates forces in the high range of physiological
force limits and produces constant unloading
forces that can result in rapid tooth movement.
• Best used in:
1. Patients with average or high pain threshold.
2. Patients with normal periodontal health
3. Patients in whom rapid tooth movement is
required.
 Type III- Af - 35 C o

• Round, rectangular and square

• 35°C Copper NiTi generates mid-range constant
force levels when the wire reaches mouth
temperature.
• Early ligation is easier with full- size archwires
due to the lower loading forces.
• Unloading forces are higher and more sustained
than other shape memory wires when the wire
reaches body temperature.
• Best used in:
1. Periodontally compromised patients.
2. Patients with low to normal pain threshold.
3. When relatively low forces are requested.
 Type IV- Af - 40 C o

• 40°C Copper Ni-Ti provides intermittent forces

that are activated when the mouth temperature
exceeds 40°C.
• It is useful as an initial wire and can be used to
engage severely malaligned teeth (such as high
cuspids).
• It is also the wire of choice for patients
scheduled for long intervals between visits
when control of tooth movement is a concern.
• Best used in
1. Patients who are sensitive to pain
2. Periodontally compromised patients.
3. Where tooth movement is deliberately showed
down.
4. This wire is very beneficial as an initial rectangular
wire.
• Copper Ni-Ti demonstrates a smaller loading force
for the same degree of deformation, making it
possible to engage severely malposed teeth with
less patient discomfort and potential for root
resorption.
 COMPARISON OF COPPER NITI
27°C Superelastic 35°C Thermo Active 40°C Thermo- Active
Copper NiTi Copper NiTi Copper NiTi

Low loading force Low loading force Low loading force

Unloading force are high Unloading forces are high Unloading force are
& sustained intermittent
GRADED THERMODYNAMIC NICKEL TITANIUM
(BIOFORCE ARCHWIRES)
• The response of a tooth to force application and the rate of
tooth movement is dependent on the amount of a constant
and low force with the area of periodontium involved.
• Bioforce archwire is able to produce variation in archwire
force by variable transition of temperatures within the
same archwire.
• This graded force delivery within the same aligning
archwire providing light forces of approximately 80g
anteriorly, and a heavier force of 300g posteriorly.
• The level of force applied is therefore graded throughout
the arch length according to tooth size.
 NITINOL TOTAL CONTROL: A NEW
ORTHODONTIC ALLOY
• Introduced by TODD A. THAYER and KARL FOX
in JCO OCTOBER 1999.
• A new pseudo-superelastic nickel titanium
alloy, Nitinol Total Control, accepts specific
1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-order bends while
maintaining its desirable superelastic
properties.
• NTC combines the ability of superelastic nickel
titanium to deliver light, continuous forces
over a desired treatment range with the
bendability required to account for variations
in tooth morphology, archform, and bracket
prescriptions.
• NTC’s properties are not temperature
dependent.
 ADVANTAGES OF NITI

• The most advantageous properties of nitinol are

the low load deflection rate, good springback and
flexibility, which allow for large elastic deflections.
• Nitinol wire has a low modulus of elasticity that
gives it wide range and flexibility and its
resistances to deformation.
• Early bracket engagement with rectangular Nitinol.
• Early / rapid alignment, and rotation & leveling of
the arches.
• It is very efficient for bracket-to-bracket leveling
in preparation for the final leveling and finishing
archwire.
• You can recycle & no breakage problem in
patient’s mouth.
• The 0.016 Nitinol wire is very flexible with a long
working range and produces very little patient
discomfort either initially or on activation.
 LIMITATION OF NITI
• Nitinol cannot used for major corrections of
torque, root paralleling or closing of extraction
spaces as reasonable amounts of stiffness cannot
be accomplished with Nitinol.
• Leveling curve of spee and moderate torque is
difficult to accomplish with Nitinol.
• Can not use intramaxillary elastics with Nitinol
wire as wire is not stiff enough to hold a good
arch form and prevent unwanted tipping adjacent
to extraction sites.
• Have poor formability and so cannot bend
loops & stops.
• The major disadvantage of the wire is its
limitation of adjustment.
 NICKEL HYPERSENSITIVITY

• The association of different metals in the oral

environment, where saliva is the connecting
medium may produce electro galvanic currents
which results in discharge of ions and metallic
compounds.
• Masticatory forces may also produce a discharge
of these ions as a result of wearing restorations.
• These products may be swallowed or may become
attached to the mucosal or dental surfaces.
• The discharge of nickel ions, which is a strong
immunologic sensitizer, may result in contact
hypersensitivity.
• 4.5% to 28.5% of the population have
hypersensitivity to nickel
• Higher prevalence in females.
• A high association between the allergic
reaction to nickel and personal history of
allergy to metals.
• Symptoms of allergic reactions from Ni
includes:
• Severely inflamed hyperplastic gingival tissue
• Alveolar bone loss
• Edema of the throat, palate, & gums.
• Osteomyelitis was reported when stainless
steel bone fixation wires were used in the jaws
of a patient who was sensitive to nickel.
• Why is it that persons with marked sensitivity
to nickel do not manifest any intra oral
reaction?
• Higher concentrations of nickel are necessary
to elicit an intra oral reaction.
• Spiechowicz attempted to explain the lack of
an intra oral response by four different
mechanisms: 1.Formation of salivary
glycoprotein films that act as diffusion barriers.
• 2. Differences in the permeability of the skin
and the oral mucosa.
• 3. Cellular hypersensitivity mechanisms differ
between the skin and the oral mucosa.
• 4. Differences in the distribution and function
of Langerhans cells.
 RECYCLING & STERILIZATION
• Recycling involves repeated exposure of the
wire for several weeks or months to
mechanical stresses and elements of the oral
environment, as well as sterilization between
uses.
• The combined effects of repeated clinical use
and sterilization may subject the wire to
corrosion and cold working, with a resultant
alteration in its properties
• Heat sterilization is the most reliable method of
destroying pathogens on wires before reuse.
• Schwaninger et al. noted that corrosion does not
affect the flexural properties of niti wires, some
reports indicate an increase in permanent
deformation and a decrease in elasticity of these
wires caused by corrosion or the cumulative effects
of cold working.
• Buckthal J.E et al & Kusy RP (1988) detected no
detrimental effects in the fundamental stiffness or
inherent strength of the wires after multiple
disinfectant cycles using three disinfectants approved
by the ADA i.e 2 % acidic gluteraldehyde, chlorine
dioxide and Iodophor on straight lengths of Nitinol
archwires.
• Besides there was no additional surface pitting or
corrosion as assessed by laser-spectroscopy was
detected.
 TITANIUM
• Titanium was discovered by GREGOR
( England 1790 )
• BOTHE et al implanted titanium in lab. animals
(1940)

• A light weight metal

• Atomic weight – 47.9
• Non magnetic
• Corrosion resistant
• Biocompatibility
• High strength
• Ductility
• Two phases.
 Alpha
 Beta
• Alpha phase – Hexagonal unit cells
At room temperature

• Beta phase – Body centered cubic cells

At temperatures above 16200F or 8820C
• SUPERIOR CORROSION RESISTANCE:
• A thin complex film Tio2 gives Ti affinity, a self
adherence that may cause friction.
 BETA - TITANIUM
• Beta titanium was introduced by Dr. CHARLES
BURSTONE and JON GOLDBERG in the
university of CONNECTICUT ( AJO FEB 1980 )

• Composition
• Titanium - 73.5%
• Molybdenum - 11.5%
• Zirconium - 6%
• Tin - 4.5 %
• At temperatures above 16250 F pure titanium
rearranges into body centered cubic lattice - BETA
PHASE
• BETA STABILISED ALLOYS (molybdenum or
columbium)
• Yield strength – 1,70,000 p.s.i
• Modulus of elasticity – 9,400.000 p.s.i

• YS/E - 1.8X10-2
 TEST FOR SPRING BACK
• TINIUS OLSEN STIFFNESS TESTER
• ¼ inch span of wire-0.017’’/0.025’’
A. Straight wires
B. Wires with 350 bend
C. Wires which are over bent to 900 and then
bent back to 350
 ADVANTAGES
• Low stiffness
• Good formability
• High spring back
• Weldable
• Ductile
• Corrosion resistance
• DISADVANTAGES
1. High coefficient of friction
2. Esthetics
 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
• Ideal edgewise arches can be deflected twice
than SS allows greater range of action and
useful for
• Initial tooth alignment
• Finishing arches
• Forces - 0.4% of SS
• Eg; 0.018 x 0.025 TMA = 0.014 x 0.020 SS for
2nd order bends
• Beta titanium is ductile, which allows for
placement of tie-back loops or complicated
bends.
• The high ductility of
beta titanium allows it
to be formed into
arches or segments
with complicated loop
configurations.
• A continuous arch with
“T”, vertical, helical, and
“L” loops
• Specialized springs or auxiliaries fabricated
from beta titanium allow for simplification in
design in achieving identical force delivery.
• The high formability of titanium allows the
fabrication of closing loops with or without
helices.
• Pendulum appliance – 0.032’’
• Direct welding of
auxillaries

• Helical finger spring

- C.J.BURSTONE
(JCO Sept 1987)
 WELDING OF TMA WIRE
• 5 basic principles;
1. Proper positioning
2. Minimum voltage
3. Small contact area
4. Single short pulse
5. Pressure
1. POSITIONING

SET DOWN OF 80%

25 - 60 %
• Improper welding

• Low voltage - The parts may delaminate

• High voltage - Wire become brittle

Cracks
Melting
 ALPHA TITANIUM
• WILCOCK company
• Composition:
Titanium - 90%
Aluminium - 6%
Vanadium – 4%

• Close packed hexagonal lattice

• ALPHA stabilising elements – Aluminum, Gallium, Germanium,
Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen

‘ NEAR ALPHA ALLOY ’

 PROPERTIES
• Heat treated to improve strength
• Satisfactory creep properties - Finishing &
braking arches
• Becomes hard in the oral environment due to
hydrogen absorption - TITANIUM HYDRIDE
• Less ductile – one slip plane
• Nickel free
 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
• BEGG-II STAGE
• Combination wire
• 0.022x0.018-ant
• 0.018-post
• BRAKING MECHANIC
• BEGG-Finishing stage
– Rectangular wires
– 0.022’’x0.018-ribbon
– 0.020’’x0.020’’-square
 TITANIUM TOXICITY
• Titanium has historically maintained the reputation
of being an inert, and relatively biocompatible metal,
suitable for use as both a medical and dental
prosthesis.
• There are many articles supporting these beliefs, but
more recently, there is scientific evidence that
titanium, or its corrosion by-products, may cause
harmful reactions after traveling through the
circulatory, or lymphatic systems.
• These corrosion by-products can cause reactions in
the blood, fibrotic tissue, and in the osteogenic cells.
• Wang has shown that titanium particles can cause
decreased cellular viability, proliferation, and
inhibition of the extra cellular matrix mineralization.

• Bermudez showed an increase in the inflammatory

reactions within the lungs, such as increase in
macrophage, and neutrophil numbers after long-
term exposure.
• Ferreira looked at the short-term effects on the
spleen after exposure to titanium. After 72 hours of
exposure, the spleen showed alterations in
morphology, and irregular features within the
capsule and medulla. Namely the T4 and B cells.
Alterations in the functioning of T and B cells will
effect the functioning of the immune system.
• Resorbable screws for orthodontic anchorage made of
Polylacticacid(PLA) and Polyglycolicacid(PGA) are used
to avoid titanium toxicity
A. Korrodi Ritto

• Direct exposure of osteoblasts to titanium particles can

significantly decrease osteoblast adhesion force; this
may lead to decreased cellular activity and gene
expression of fibronectin and collagen type I in the
presence of titanium wear debris.
J Orthop Res. 2000 Mar;18(2):203-11. Kwon SY.
COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF
ORTHODONTIC WIRES
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THANK YOU