國立清華大學材料科學工程學系

111 下學期課程

Materials Science and Engineering

II
材料科學與工程

Engineering Alloys – Nonferrous Alloys part II

An-Chou Yeh/Andrew
葉安洲
(yehac@mx.nthu.edu.tw)
台達館 A440
W3W4F3F4
 Magnesium Alloys
General properties: Low density metal, high cost, low castability, low strength,
poor creep, fatigue. Forming is difficult.
Two types: wrought alloys (sheet, plate, extrusion) and casting alloys (casting).
• Limited cold working due to HCP structure.
• Usually hot worked.
• Al, Zn increase strength by SS and (Mg17Al12).
Th, Zr increase high temp. strength by precipitations
• Alloying with rare earth elements (cerium) produces rigid boundary network
(pressure tight applications).

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Titanium Alloys
General properties: Low density and high strength. Expensive – used for aircraft
applications.
• Superior corrosion resistance.
• HCP at room temperature. Transforms to BCC
at 883C.
• Al and O increase transformation temperature.
V and Mo decrease transformation temperature.

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 • Tensile strength – 662 to 862 MPa
• Ti-6Al-4V: 1173 MPa (UTS), which is the most common Ti alloy.
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Nickel Alloys
General properties: Expensive, good corrosion resistance and high formability.
• Commercial Nickel and Monel alloys: good weldability, electrical
conductivity and corrosion resistance.
• Nickel + 32% Cu : Monel alloy (strengthens nickel).
• Nickel based super alloys: High temperature creep resistance and oxidizing
resistance for gas turbine parts.
1. A first class of elements includes nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, ruthenium,
molybdenum, rhenium and tungsten which prefer to partition to the austenitic
 and thereby stabilize it. (穩定 FCC( 基底)族群，包含: 鎳、鈷、鐵、
鉻、釕、鉬、錸、鎢)
2. A second group of elements aluminium, titanium, niobium and tantalum have
greater atomic radii and these promote the formation of ordered phases such as
’ ’ ，’.
(穩定析出強化相 、族群，包含: 鋁、鈦、鈮、鉭)
3. Boron, carbon and zirconium constitute a third class that tend to segregate to
the grain boundaries of the  phase, on account of their atomic sizes which are
very different from that of nickel.
(晶界  相偏析族群，包含: 硼、碳、鋯)
4. Chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum and titanium are
particularly strong carbide formers; chromium and molybdenum promote the
formation of borides.
(其中，鉻、鉬、鎢、鈮、鉭、鈦會形成硼化物及碳化物)

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 Intermetallics

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Shape Memory Alloys (SMA)

• SMA recover predefined shape when subjected to appropriate heat treatment.
• Recovers strain and exerts forces
• Examples: Ni-Ti
• Processed using hot and cold forming techniques and heat treated at 500-
800C at desired shape.
• At high temperature – Regular cubic microstructure (Austenite)
• After cooling – Highly twinned platelets (Martensite)
• SMA easily deformed in martensite state due to twin boundaries and
deformation is not recovered after load is removed.
• Heating causes martensite to proceed to austenite transformation so shape is
recovered.
• Effect takes place over a range of temperature.

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 • Heating and cooling temperatures do not overlap – Exhibits hysterisis
• Applied stress may deform and transform SMA to martensite – stress induced
transformation
• Shape is recovered when stress is released
• Nitonol (NiTi) is commonly used SMA
 Shape memory strain of 8.5%
 Non-magnetic, corrosion resistant
Applications: Vascular stents

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 Amorphous Metals

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High Entropy Alloys

●“High-entropy alloys” have been explored since 1995 by Prof JW Yeh at Tsing
Hua Univ., Taiwan.
● High-entropy alloys have at least 5 major metallic elements (n ≧ 5), each
having an atomic percentage
between 5 % and 35 %.
Equimole: AlCoCrCuFeNi
Nonequimole: AlCo0.5CrCuFe1.5Ni1.2
Minor element addition: AlCo0.5CrCuFe1.5Ni1.2B0.1C0.15