Global Positioning System

Presented By
Tanjina Oriana
What is GPS?
• "constellation" of approximately 30 well-spaced satellites
• Orbit the Earth at an altitude of 20,000 km
• Make it possible for people with ground receivers to pinpoint their
geographic location
• Location accuracy is anywhere from 100 to 10 meters for most equipment
• Accuracy can be pinpointed to within one (1) meter with special military-
approved equipment
• System was originally developed by the US government for military
navigation
How GPS Works?
• Wherever you are on the planet, at least four GPS satellites are
‘visible’ at any time. Each one transmits information about its position
and the current time at regular intervals. These signals, travelling at
the speed of light, are intercepted by your GPS receiver, which
calculates how far away each satellite is based on how long it took for
the messages to arrive.
• Once it has information on how far away at least three satellites are,
your GPS receiver can pinpoint your location using a process called
trilateration.
How GPS Works?
• Imagine you are standing somewhere on Earth with three satellites in
the sky above you. If you know how far away you are from satellite A,
then you know you must be located somewhere on the red circle. If
you do the same for satellites B and C, you can work out your location
by seeing where the three circles intersect. This is just what your GPS
receiver does, although it uses overlapping spheres rather than
circles.
• The more satellites there are above the horizon the more accurately
your GPS unit can determine where you are.
How GPS Works?
Basic Concept of GPS
• The GPS concept is based on time and the known position of GPS
specialized satellites.
• The satellites carry very stable atomic clocks that are synchronized with one
another and with the ground clocks.
• Any drift from true time maintained on the ground is corrected daily.
• In the same manner, the satellite locations are known with great precision. GPS
receivers have clocks as well, but they are less stable and less precise.
• GPS satellites continuously transmit data about their current time and position.
• A GPS receiver monitors multiple satellites and solves equations to determine
the precise position of the receiver and its deviation from true time.
• At a minimum, four satellites must be in view of the receiver for it to compute
four unknown quantities (three position coordinates and clock deviation from
satellite time).
More details Concepts
• Each GPS satellite continually broadcasts a signal that includes:
 A pseudorandom code (sequence of ones and zeros) that is
known to the receiver. By time-aligning a receiver-generated
version and the receiver-measured version of the code, the time
of arrival (TOA) of a defined point in the code sequence, called an
epoch, can be found in the receiver clock time scale
 A message that includes the time of transmission (TOT) of the
code epoch (in GPS time scale) and the satellite position at that
time
More details Concepts
• Conceptually, the receiver measures the TOAs (according to its own
clock) of four satellite signals. From the TOAs and the TOTs, the receiver
forms four time of flight (TOF) values, which are (given the speed of
light) approximately equivalent to receiver-satellite range differences.
The receiver then computes its three-dimensional position and clock
deviation from the four TOFs.
• In practice the receiver position (in three-dimensional Cartesian
coordinate with origin at the Earth's center) and the offset of the
receiver clock relative to the GPS time are computed simultaneously,
using the navigation equations to process the TOFs.
• The receiver's Earth-centered solution location is usually converted
to latitude,  longitude and height relative to an ellipsoidal Earth model.
GPS Structure
• Space Segment
 The GPS space segment consists of a constellation of satellites
transmitting radio signals to users.
 The United States is committed to maintaining the availability of
at least 24 operational GPS satellites, 95% of the time.
Space Segment
GPS Structure
• Control Segment
 The control segment (CS) is composed of:
 a master control station (MCS),
 an alternate master control station,
 four dedicated ground antennas, and
 six dedicated monitor stations.
Control Segment
GPS Structure
• User Segment
Applications
• Agriculture
• Astronomy
• Automated Vehicle
• Cartography
• Cellular telephony
• Clock synchronization
• Disaster relief/emergency services
• Radio occultation
• Fleet tracking
Applications
• Geofencing: vehicle tracking systems, person tracking systems, and pet
tracking
• Geotagging
• GPS aircraft tracking
• GPS data mining
• GPS tours
• Navigation
• Robotics
• Surveying
• Sport
Applications
• Navigation
• Target tracking
• Missile and projectile guidance
• Search and rescue.
• Reconnaissance: Patrol movement can be managed more closely.