1b SDH Overview

SDH Overview
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH
 SDH is the abbreviation of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy.
 SDH is a transmission system (protocol) which defines the
characteristic of digital signals, including frame structure,
multiplexing method, digital rates hierarchy, and interface code
pattern, and so on.
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Advantages of SDH
 SDH electrical interfaces
 SDH system provides universal standards for network node interfaces (NNI),
including standards on digital signal rate level, frame structure, multiplexing
method, line interface, etc. So SDH equipment of different vendors can be
easily interconnected.
 SDH optical interfaces
 Line interfaces (here refers to optical interface) adopt universal standards.
Line coding of SDH signals is only universal scrambling. Therefore the
opposite-terminal equipment can be interconnected with SDH equipment of
different vendors via standard descrambler alone.
Advantages of SDH
 Low-rate SDH signals, e.g. 155Mb/s, (Synchronous Transport
Module STM-1 ), can be directly added to or dropped from high-
rate signals, e.g., 2.5Gb/s (STM-16 ).
 PDH low-rate tributary signals (e.g., 2Mb/s ) can also be
multiplexed into SDH signal frame (STM-N). Their locations in
STM-N frame are also predictable. So low-rate tributary signals
can be directly added to or dropped from STM-N signals.
Advantages of SDH
 Abundant overhead bits for operation, administration and
maintenance (OAM) functions are arranged in the frame structures
of SDH signals. This greatly enforces the network monitoring
function, i.e. automatic maintenance.
SDH Frame Structure
SDH Frame Structure
 Rectangular block Frame = 125 us
structure 9 rows, 270
columns (STM-1)
123456789
 Frame frequency is 8000
frames/second
9 rows
 Transmission mode: Byte
by byte, row by row,
from left to right, from
top to bottom
270 columns
SDH Frame Structure (Cont.)
 SOH Frame = 125 us
 RSOH
 MSOH
123456789
 AU-PTR RSOH
AU-
 Information Payload Information
PTR
Payload
MSOH
270 Columns
SDH Multiplexing Method
 Synchronization byte interleaved
STM-4
STM-1 270
270
270 9 270×4
row 9 270
＃ 1 －＃ 4
SDH Frame Structure
Section Overhead
Functions: Fulfills the section layer OAM

Types of Section Overhead
123
RSOH
1. RSOH monitors the regenerator
section
56789
AU-PTR Information
9 rows 2. MSOH monitors the
Payload multiplexing section
MSOH Location:
3. RSOH: rows #1 ~ #3,
columns #1 ~ #9
2. MSOH: rows #5 ~ #9,
9
columns #1 ~ #9
270 Columns
SDH Frame Structure
AU-PTR
Function: RSOH
Indicates the first byte of VC4
4 AU-PTR Information 9 rows
Location:
row #4, columns #1 ~ #9 Payload
MSOH
J
1
9
270 Columns
SDH Multiplexing Features
 SDH Multiplexing includes:

 Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1  STM-N)
 PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M  STM-N)
 Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (IP  STM-N)
 Some terms and definitions:
 Mapping
 Aligning
 Multiplexing
Go to glossary
SDH Multiplexing Structure
×1 ×1 AU-4-64c
AUG-64 VC-4-64c C-4-64c
STM-64
×4
×1 ×1
STM-16 AUG-16 AU-4-16c VC-4-16c C-4-16c
×4
×1 ×1
STM-4 AUG-4 AU-4-4c VC-4-4c C-4-4c
×4
×1
×1
STM-1 AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 E4
signal
×3
Mapping ×1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 E3 signal
Aligning
×7
Multiplexing
TUG-2
Go to glossary
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 E1
×3 signal
Overheads
Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X J1
2
RSOH
B1 ● ● E1 ● F1 X X B3
3
HPOH: VC-3/4
4 D1 ● ● D2 ● D3   C2
5 AU-PTR
G1
6
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
MSOH
7 F2
8 D4  D5 D6
H4
9 D7 D8 D9
F3
D10 D11 D12 
● Media dependent bytes (Radio-link, Satellite) K3
S1
X Reserved for National use M1 E2 V5 J2 N2 K4
 Huawei propriety bytes LPOH: VC-11/12 N1
A1 and A2 Bytes
 Framing Bytes
 Indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame
 Bytes are unscrambled
 A1 = f6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000)
 STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes
STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N
Finding frame head
A1 and A2 Bytes
Frame
N over 625μs
Find (5 frames)
A1,A2
OOF
Y
over 3ms
LOF
Next AIS
process
D1 ~ D12 Bytes
 Data Communications Channel (DCC) Bytes
 RS-DCC – D1 ~ D3 – 192 Kbit/s (3x64 Kbit/s)
 MS-DCC – D4 ~ D12 – 576 Kbit/s (9x64 Kbit/s)
NE NE NE NE
DCC channel
TMN OAM Information: Operation, Administration and
maintenance
E1 and E2 Bytes
 Orderwire Bytes
 E1 – RS Orderwire Byte  Used between regenerators
 E2 – MS Orderwire Byte  Used between multiplexers
NE NE NE NE
E1 and E2
Digital telephone channel

E1-RS, E2-MS
B1 Byte
 Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte
 A parity code (even parity)
 Used to check the transmission errors over the RS
 B1 BBE is represented by RS-BBE (performance event)
B1
STM-N
Tx Rx
A1 00110011
A2 11001100
A3 10101010 1#STM-N B
Calculate B 2#STM-N
BIP-8 A4 00001111
B 01011010 2#STM-N B1 = B Calculate B’ 1#STM-N

Compare B’ & B  RS-BBE
B2 Byte
 Bit interleaved Parity Code (MS BIP-24) Byte
 BIP-24 is used to check the bit errors over the MS
 B2 BBE is represented by MS-BBE (performance event)
 The working mechanism of B2 is same as B1
M1 Byte
 Multiplexing Section Remote Error Indication Byte
 A return message from Rx to Tx ,when Rx find B2 bit errors
 Value is the same as the count of BIP-24xN (B2) bit errors
 Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-FEBBE
Traffic
Tx Rx
Generat Return
e M1 Find B2 bit
MS- errors
FEBBE Generate MS-
MS-REI BBE
K1 and K2 (b1-b5) Bytes
Automatic
Protection
Switching
(APS) bytes I
I I
I
S WT
R
S P WTR
P P P
Used for network multiplexing
Transmitting APS protocol
protection switch function
K2 (b6 ~ b8) Byte
Start
 Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "111“
 Generate MS-AIS alarm
Detect
 Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "110" K2 (b6- 110
b8)
 Generate MS-RDI alarm
111
Generate
MS-AIS
Generate
Return
MS-RDI
MS-RDI
S1 Byte
 Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSB): S1
 b1 ~ b4  Value indicates the external clock ID (Extended SSM)
 b5 ~ b8  Value indicates the sync. Level (Standard SSM)
bits 5 ~ 8 Description
0000 Quality unknown (existing sync. Network)
0010 G.811 PRC
0100 SSU-A (G.812 transit)
1000 SSU-B (G.812 local)
1011 G.813 (Sync. Equipment Timing Clock)
1111 Do not use for sync (DNU).
Path Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 J1 VC-n Path Trace Byte
2 R S O H B3 Path BIP-8
3 C2 Path Signal Label

4 A U–P T R G1 Path Status
5 F2
Path User Channel
6 TU Multiframe Indication
H4
7 M S O H F3
Path User Channel
8 AP Switching
K3
9 Network Operator
N1
Higher Order Path Overhead
J1 Byte
 Path trace byte
Detect J1
 The first byte of VC-4
 User-programmable (HUAWEI
SBS)
N Y
Match
 The received J1 should match the
expected J1
Next
HP-TIM process
B3 Byte
 Path bit parity
 Even parity code
Verify B3
 Used to detect bit errors
 Mechanism is same as B1 and B2
N Y
Correct
HP-BBE Next
process
C2 Byte
Detect C2
 Signal label byte
 The received C2 should match
with the expected C2 N Y
00H
 Specifies the mapping type in the
VC-n Y N
Match HP-UNEQ
 00 H  Unequipped
Next HP-SLM
 02 H  TUG structureprocess
 13 H  ATM mapping Insert AIS
downward
Path Overheads
Low Order Path Overhead
 V5
 Indicated by TU-PTR 1 4
 Error checking, Signal Label 1 V5 J2 N2 K4
and Path Status of VC-12

 b1 - b2  Error Performance VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12
Monitoring (BIP-2)
 b3  Return Error detected in
VC-12 (LP-REI)
9
 b8  Return alarm detected in
VC-12 (LP-RDI) 500μs VC-12 multi-frame
Pointers
Bytes indicated
AU-PTR VC-4  J1
TU-PTR VC-3  J1
VC-12 V5
AU-PTR
1
Negative Positive
RSOHjustification justification
4
H1YYH2FF H3H3H3 0 --- 1--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86
87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
9 435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 125μs
1 522 --- 523 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 608
RSOH
696 --- 697 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 782
4 H1YYH2FFH3H3H3 0 --- 1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86
87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
9 435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 250μs
1 9 270
TU-PTR
TU Multi-frame 500μs
1 4
1
H1
H2
TU POINTERS
H3
VC- VC- VC- VC-
VC3
12 12 12 12
V V V
V4
1 2TU POINTERS3
SDH Levels
SDH Frame Binary Rate (M bit/s) SDH: Synchronous
Digital Hierarchy
STM-1 155.52
STM: Synchronous
STM-4 622.08 Transport Module
STM-16 2488.32 STM-1: Basic mode of

SDH Frame
STM-64 9953.28
PDH Levels
Signal Digital Bit Rate Channels
E0 64Kbit/s One 64Kbit/s
E1 2.048Mbit/s 32 E0
E2 8.448Mbit/s 128 E0
E3 34.368Mbit/s 16 E1
E4 139.264Mbit/s 64 E1
SDH Capacity
SDH Frame Abbreviated Rate SDH Capacity
STM-1 155Mbit/s 63 E1, 3 E3 or 1 E4
STM-4 622Mbit/s 252 E1, 12 E3 or 4 E4
STM-16 2.5Gbit/s 1008 E1, 48 E3 or 16 E4
STM-64 10Gbit/s 4032 E1, 192 E3 or 64 E4
Compatibility
 PDH Signal
 FE/GE
(2M/34M/140M)
Information  FICON/ESCON/
 ATM/IMA …
Payload SAN
 DDN  FDDI
SDH Features
 Synchronous mode
 The SDH frames for optical transmission are standardized
 Access to the tributary data rates is efficient
 Plentiful Operation and Maintenance bytes
Questions
 How many rows and columns of STM-4 signal?
 How many E1s can be transported in a STM-16?
 Which types of services can be carried in SDH network?
Contents
1. Telecommunication Overview
2. SDH Basic Concepts
3. SDH Network Topology
Classification of Topologies
 Chain
 Star
 Tree
 Ring
 Mesh
Classification of Topologies (Cont.)
 Chain network
In a chain network, all nodes are connected one after another on a line
with both ends open.
NE A NE B NE C NE D
Chain network is used along railway lines, highways, power supply

lines, etc.
 Star network
In a star network there is a central node to which the other nodes are
directly connected. There are no direct links between other nodes.
NE B NE E
NE A
NE C NE D
Star network is mainly used in access networks or rural telephone

networks in which nodes are scattered here and there and the traffics
are not important.
 Tree network
A tree network can be considered as a combination of the chain and
star topologies.
NE A
NE B NE E
NE C NE D
Tree network is mostly used for broadcasted services like CATV.
 Ring network
Ring network is such a structure in which all nodes are connected one
after another to form a circle. NE A
NE B NE E
NE C NE D
Ring network is widely used in SDH networking due to its high

survivability.
 Mesh network
Mesh network is such a structure in which many nodes are
interconnected together via direct links.
NE A
NE B NE E
NE C NE D
Mesh network is suitable for ASON.
 Other possible combination networks
Questions
 How many topology types in Optical transport network?
Summary
 Telecommunication network structure
 PDH/SDH/WDM comparison
 SDH Frame structure
 SDH capacity and service types
 SDH network topologies
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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SDH Overview

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Functions: Fulfills the section layer OAM

 SDH Multiplexing includes:

Finding frame head

Digital telephone channel

B 01011010 2#STM-N B1 = B Calculate B’ 1#STM-N

3 C2 Path Signal Label

 Error checking, Signal Label 1 V5 J2 N2 K4

and Path Status of VC-12

STM-16 2488.32 STM-1: Basic mode of

E0 64Kbit/s One 64Kbit/s

STM-1 155Mbit/s 63 E1, 3 E3 or 1 E4

STM-4 622Mbit/s 252 E1, 12 E3 or 4 E4

STM-16 2.5Gbit/s 1008 E1, 48 E3 or 16 E4

STM-64 10Gbit/s 4032 E1, 192 E3 or 64 E4

 How many E1s can be transported in a STM-16?

 Which types of services can be carried in SDH network?

Chain network is used along railway lines, highways, power supply

Star network is mainly used in access networks or rural telephone

Tree network is mostly used for broadcasted services like CATV.

Ring network is widely used in SDH networking due to its high

Mesh network is suitable for ASON.

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