SOCIAL

LEARNING
THEORY &
HUMANISTI
C
LEARNING
ZULAIKHA SYAZWANI

THEORY
LEARNING THEORIES
Social Learning Theory
- Albert Bandura
Humanistic Learning Theory
- Carl Rogers
- Maslow
Teaching Implications
Implications of learning theories in teaching and
learning including to the learners with special needs
 Social Learning Theory (SLT)

Social Learning Theory (SLT)

predicated on the notion that
learning occurs through social
observation and subsequent
imitation of modeled behaviour.
Three basic elements: -
individual process (intrinsic
motivation)
- environment (external
stimulus)
- behaviour (individual action)
Albert Bandura’s Theory
Learning through observation is a basic form
human behaviour
Observational learning occurs when individual’s
behaviours are learned from observation of others
(models)
Bandura and Walters had successfully proved
that children normally imitate behaviours of
model and even react in a more aggressive
manner than the behaviour they have observed

Learning process through the observation of the

model’s behaviour is known as modelling
 3 BASIC MODELS OF
OBSERVATIONAL
01
LEARNING
02 03

Live Model Symbolic Verbal

Model Instructional
Involves an actual Model
Involves real or Involves
individual
fictional characters descriptions and
demonstrating or
displaying explanations of a
acting out a
behaviours in behaviour
behaviour
books, films,
television programs,
or online media
 LEARNING PROCESS THROUGH OBSERVATION: MODELLING
Retention
Observation should enable the
individual to sustain the behaviour
observed in the memory.
Retention and recall can be aided
through the use of imagery and
descriptive language, thus
increasing the likelihood that the
modeled behaviour can be
reproduced by the observer.
Attention
01
Learning can only occur if there
were concentration effort while
observing
Factors affecting attention are:
- Characteristics of model,
including value , age, sex,
status, and relationship
with the observer.
- Its functions and
advantages.
- Observer’s skill
Reproduction
Observation should enable the individual to
repeat the imitated behaviour observed in the
memory. The capability to repeat other’s
02 behaviour depends on the physical ability and
psychomotor of the imitating skill, as well as the
skill to memorize observed behaviour accurately.
Reinforcement
An individual usually imitates and repeats the
observed behaviour, if there were satisfaction.
03
Types of reinforcement, which will motivate
the occurrence of imitated behaviour are:
- Direct reinforcement (praising)
- Vicarious reinforcement (watching
04 other people receiving prizes)
- Self-reinforcement:
observation->determination of
standard behaviour->self-evaluation-
>acquire self-satisfaction->self-
reinforcement
Characteristic of bandura’s modelling theory

1. Main learning elements are observation and imitation.

2. Model’s behaviour can be learned from language, idioms and
proverbs.
3. Pupils will imitate a certain skill from teacher’s skillful
demonstrations as their model and will be able to master the skill
if there were satisfaction and appropriate reinforcement.
4. Learning process covers observation, thinking, memorizing and
imitation from suitable behaviour or response and finally ended
with positive reinforcement.
 Implications of social learning theories in
teaching and learning

Teacher’s work or examples in Teacher’s

Teacher’s presentation should the form or handicraft, art demonstration should
be skillful and interesting as to painting, articles and so on, be clear and
become a role model for the which are to be displayed to interesting so that
pupils to follow. pupils should be of good quality pupils can imitate the
and high standard. procedure easily and
accurately.
Teacher should impart noble
values and use the technique of Teacher can also invite pupils
role play and simulation to who perform well to become
exemplify historical characters role models to repeat
for the pupils to observe and demonstration inside or outside
imitate. the classroom.
 Humanistic Learning Theory

● Focuses on the specific human capabilities including creativity,

personal growth, and choice.
● Human learning depends on their individual emotion and feeling
● Every individual possesses potentials and desire to achieve self-
excellence
● Two of the leading humanistic theorists who made advancements in
the field of personality psychology were Abraham Maslow and Carl
Rogers.
 Abraham Maslow

❏ An American psychologist who developed a hierarchy of

needs to explain human motivation.
❏ His theory suggested that people have a number of basic
needs that must be met before people move up the
hierarchy to pursue more social, emotional, and self-
actualizing needs.
According Maslow,

Physiological needs and psychological needs must be fulfilled so that the individual
is motivated to improve his or her own ability, learn new things, completely
develop self-sufficiency and successfully challenge oneself to do the best.

- Identified and arranged in hierarchical order, the physiological needs and

psychological needs
- he proposes that human beings have certain needs in common and that these
needs must be met in a certain order.
 Self-actualization is not an endpoint or a
destination. It is an ongoing process in
which people continue to stretch themselves
and achieve new heights of well-being,
creativity, and fulfillment.
- Each layer must be fulfilled before
moving up the pyramid to higher
needs, and this process is

Ma
continued throughout the lifespan.

slo
w’s
- The highest need for self-

ierh
a
actualization represents the

rch
y of
achievement of our fullest

n
eed
potential, and those individuals

s
who finally achieved self-
actualization were said to represent
optimal psychological health and
functioning.
conceptualized as a pyramid to represent how
people move from one level of needs to
another
 Characteristics of individual who strives to obtain satisfaction
in a higher hierarchical order

1. Able to understand reality

2. Possess own way of thinking
3. Able to accept ownself, other people and the natural environment
4. Possess own philosophy of life and moral values
5. Able to follow the current trend without losing their own identities
6. Possess wide range of interest in various social activities
7. Have several close friends and like to help others
8. Practise democracy and possess humorous character
9. Able to handle conflict between success with failure
 Carl Rogers

❏Carl Rogers was a prominent humanistic psychologist who is known for

his theory of personality that emphasizes change, growth, and the
potential for human good.
❏A humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main assumptions of
Abraham Maslow
❏Rogers (1959) added that for a person to "grow", they need an
environment that provides them with genuineness (openness and self-
disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard),
and empathy (being listened to and understood).
Characteristics of Learning Theory

Every individual’s An individual’s explicit

experience is a behaviour is in accordance
logical phenomenon with his own self-concept
and belief.

Every individual Understanding of

forms different and individual’s behaviours can
each person have only be perceived through
unique concept the communication process
 Category of Learning

EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING
COGNITIVE LEARNING

➔ Considered meaningless ➔ Involves the application of knowledge

➔ Considering the goals and needs of
➔ Academic syllabus alone
students
➔ Only involves the process of
➔ Involves personal development,
learning in the classroom
motivation, effort and self-assessment
➔ Has a long-lasting effect
➔ Students are actively involved in learning
 Principles of Roger’s Approach in Education

1. Emphasize on learner-centered education

2. Emphasize on freedom to learn. The rationale and approach are :
a) Learning is considered as curiosity to know
b) Learning can only occur if the learning materials are meaningful and compatible with students.
Effectiveness in learning can only be achieved under non-threatening condition
c) Effectiveness in learning will only occur when pupils take their own initiative and fully involve
themselves in the learning activities
d) Guide pupils to evaluate their own learning, so as to improve their reflective thinking and creative skill
e) Teaching-learning activities should be related to actual life experience. The aim is to instil the values
of living skills among pupils
 Roger’s View on Education

People are born with Learning activities should be

the potentials to strive based on everyday
for self-perfection experience

Meaningful learning Learning materials, method of

materials will assist pupil to learning, quantity of learning and
participate actively in values should be determined by
learning activities the pupils themselves
 Implications of humanistic learning theories in
teaching and learning

Teachers should provide Teachers should accept each

opportunities for students to student unconditionally,
choose learning tasks and according to their potential and
activities abilities

Lesson planning should Teachers should adapt the

depend on individual interests, learning content to the level of
tendencies, willingness to learn thinking, learning style and
and individual differences. needs of students
 Implications of learning theories in teaching and
learning including to the learners with special needs

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY HUMANISTIC LEARNING THEORY

1. Teacher can use behavioral models 1. Teacher need to provide least

such as live models or symbolic restrictive environment for the

models (image or video display). students.
2. Teacher should reinforce the 2. Teacher might use multi-sensory
behaviour of the models therefore approach to attract the student’s
the others would be able to follow. attention.