Click to edit Master title style

Quantum
computing
Aeman Aslam

1
Click to edit Master title style
Overview

•Introduction
•History
•Data Representation
•Operation on Data
•Quantum Computer Languages
•Applications

2
 Click to edit
Introduction Master title
of Quantum style
Mechanics

•Quantum Mechanics is the fundamental branch of

theoretical physics with wide applications in experimental
physics that replace classical mechanics and classical
electromagnetism at the atomic and subatomic levels.

3
 Click to edit Master title style
Introduction

What is Quantum Computing?

A quantum computing is a machine that performs calculations based
on the law of quantum mechanics, which is the behavior of particles at
the sub-atomic level.
OR
Quantum computing is a rapidly-emerging technology that harnesses
the laws of quantum mechanics to solve problems too complex for
classical computers. 

4
Click to edit
Quantum Master title style
Computer

IBM Q System One, a

quantum computer with 20
superconducting qubits.

5
Click to edit
Quantum Master title style
Computer

6
Click to and
Physics editComputation
Master title style

Information is stored in physical medium, and manipulated by physical processes.

The law of physics dictate the capabilities of any information about processing
devices.
Designs of “classical” computers implicitly based in the classical framework for
physics.
Classical physics is known to be wrong or incomplete.. And has been replaced by
many more powerful framework like quantum mechanics.
The designs of devices on such a small scale will require engineers to control
quantum mechanical effects.

7
Click to edit Master title style
History

In 1980, Paul Benioff envisioned the concept of

quantum Turing machine, the theoretical concept of a
quantum computer.
In 1982, Richard Feynman and Yuri Manin proposed
the first practical application of Quantum computers:
efficient stimulations of quantum system.

8
ClickRepresentation
Data to edit Master title style

Classic Bits VS Quantum Qbits

9
ClickRepresentation-
Data to edit Master Classic
title style
Bits

Classical bits is another name for binary.

A classical bit can be either 0 or 1.
Operations are defined by Boolean Algebra.
Data processing is carried out by logic and in sequential order.
Circuit behavior is defined by classical physics

1
0
 ClickRepresentation-Qubits
Data to edit Master title style

•In a traditional computer, information is represented using traditional bits that can
only possess a value of 1 or 0 and not both at the same time.
• In Quantum computers, we represent information using Qubits (quantum bits). We
can represent Qubits using the bra-ket notations: |0⟩ or |1⟩, pronounced ‘ket 0’ and
‘ket 1’ .
•In Quantum Computing, the Qubit can have the values of both 1 and 0
simultaneously because of a process called Superposition.
•An exciting state representing |1⟩ and a ground state representing |0 ⟩

11
ClickRepresentation-Qubits
Data to edit Master title style

1
2
ClickRepresentation
Data to edit Master title style

1
3
Click to edit
Operation Master title style
on Data

Logic Gates VS Quantum Gates

1
4
Click to edit
Operation Master title style
on Data

Logic Gates
• AND gate
• OR gate
• NOT gate
• NAND gate
• NOR gate
• XOR gate
• XNOR gate

1
5
Click to edit
Operation Master title style
on Data

1
6
Click to edit
Operation Master title style
on Data

Due to the nature of quantum physics, the destruction of

information in the gates will cause heat to be involved which can
destroy the superposition of qubits. This type of gates cannot be
used. We must use quantum gates.

1
7
 Click to edit
Quantum Master title style
Gates
Quantum Gates are similar to classic gates, but do not have degenerate output i.e.
their original input can e derived from their output state, uniquely.They must be
reversible.
• Hadamard
• Controlled - NOT Gates(CN)
• Controlled Controlled - NOT Gates(CCN)
Universal Quantum Computers

1
8
 Click to edit
Quantum GatesMaster title style

Hadamard
• Simplest gate involves one qubit and is called a Hadamard Gate (also known as
a square-root of NOT gate.) Used to put qubits into superposition.
• Two Hadamard gates used in succession can be used as a NOT gate.
Controlled - NOT Gates(CN)
• A gate which operates on two qubits is called a Controlled- NOT (CN) Gate, If
the bit on the control line is l, invert the bit on the target line.
• The CN gate has a similar behavior to the XOR gate with some extra
information to make it reversible.

1
9
 Click to edit
Quantum GatesMaster title style

Controlled Controlled - NOT Gates(CCN)

• A gate which operates on three qubits is called a Controlled Controlled NOT
(CCN) Gate, Iff the bits on both of the control lines is l,then the target bit is
inverted.
Universal Quantum Computers
• The CCN gate has been shown to be a universal reversible logic gate as it can
be used as a NAND gate.

2
0
Click to edit
Quantum MasterLanguages
Computer title style

Even though no quantum computer has been built that hasn’t

stopped the proliferation of papers on various aspects of the
subject. Many such papers have been written defining language
specifications.

• QCL - (Bernhard ¨ Omer) C like syntax and very complete.

http://tph.tuwien.ac.at/»oemer/qcl.html .
• qGCL - (Paolo Zuliani and
others)http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/work/paolo.zuliani/
• Quantum C - (Stephen Blaha) Currently just a specification,

2
1
 Click to edit Master title style
Applications
•Optimization
•Stimulation
•Artificial Intelligence 
• logistics
•Financial Modeling
•Research in High Energy Physics
•Cybersecurity 
•Encryption Technology
•Factorizations

2
2
Clickofto
List edit Master
Quantum title style
Computing Companies

Some large companies have tried to come up with the quantum

computer product that can be used by the large population, including
IBM
Microsoft
Alibaba
Amazon
Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab

2
3
Click to edit Master title style
Websites

 https://www.eescorporation.com/quantum-computing-and-cloud-computing
 https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/resources/cloud-computing-dictionary
 https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/quantum-computing/
 https://www.ibm.com/topics/quantum-computing
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing

2
4
7Click
Booksto edit Master title style
• QUANTUM COMPUTING FOR EVERYONE (THE MIT PRESS) 2019
• DANCING WITH QUBITS: HOW QUANTUM COMPUTING WORKS
AND HOW IT CAN CHANGE THE WORLD (PACKT PUBLISHING) 2019
• QUANTUM COMPUTING: AN APPLIED APPROACH (SPRINGER) 2019
• QUANTUM COMPUTING SINCE DEMOCRITUS (CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS) 2013
• QUANTUM COMPUTING FOR BABIES (BABY UNIVERSITY) 2018
• QUANTUM COMPUTING FOR BEGINNERS: A COMPLETE
BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO EXPLAIN IN EASY WAY, HISTORY,
FEATURES, DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS OF NEW
QUANTUM COMPUTERS THAT WILL REVOLUTIONIZE THE WORLD
(SELF-PUBLISHED) 2020
• PROGRAMMING QUANTUM COMPUTERS: ESSENTIAL
ALGORITHMS AND CODE (O′REILLY) 2019
2
5
Click to edit Master title style

Thank You

2
6